oral diseases Flashcards
why can an animal that is infect with foot and mouth disease become infected and suffer the disease agian?
there are severla different serotypes A,O,C, SAT 1, SAT 2, SAT 3 and Asia 1. There is NO cross-immunity between serotypes
what is the pathogenesis of foot and mouth disease?
- 1st phase - pre-viraemia, - primary routes of infection respiratory or oral.
- 2nd phase - viraemia - virus to Bloodstream, Characteristic lesions (Epithelium of the mouth and feet, the dorsum of the snout (pigs), the teat). Incubation period of 1 to 21 days (usually 3 to 8 days in most species)
- 3rd phase - post-viraemia, Characterized by the healing of lesions. The process can be rapid in the oral mucosa. Often slow in the feet
what are some of the risk factors of foot and mouth disease?
Host Factors
* Some virus strains are species-specific
* Immature animals and animals in good condition are more susceptible
* Hereditary differences in susceptibility have been observed
* Wild boar are susceptible and can transmit the disease to domestic swine
Environmental and Pathogen Factors:
* Persistence: >1 year on infected premises
* It can survive longer at low temperatures
* The virus can survive for over 60 days in frozen bull semen
* Fomites can carry the virus for extended periods
what are the general clincial signs of foot and mouth disease?
- Salivation characteristic “smacking” jaw movements
- Vesicles and ruptured lesions (muzzle, inside the mouth, feet)
- Abortion
- Anorexia
- Lameness
- Recumbency
wha are the clinical signs of foot and mouth disease in cattle?
- Often severe
- Depression, anorexia, possibly recumbency
- Profuse salivation
- Sudden death of calves (myocarditis)
- Abortion
- Milk drop (usually before onset of other clinical signs)
- lesions of the coronary band
- skin lesions on teats
what are the clinical signs of foot and mouth disease in sheep?
- Often less severe than cattle
- Vesicles on the tongue, dental pad, along the coronary band and/or interdigital space, anorexia, possibly recumbency
- Vesicles can be difficult to see
- Sudden deaths in lambs/kids
- Animal might develop secondary infection
- Abortion
what are the clincial sign of foot and moth disease in pigs?
- Usually severe
- Reluctant to stand
- Vesicles: on the snout, mouth & feet
- Sudden deaths can occur in piglets
- The entire claw may detach, known as “thimbling”
what are the diagnostic test for foot and mouth disease?
- penside - very quick but not a recognised confirmatory test
- virus isolation (cell culture)
- antigen ELISA
- serology (antibody detection)
- RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction)
what is the aeitology of foot and mouth disease?
- Picornavirus family (genus Aphthovirus) - highly contagious
- The surface-exposed capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3) of the virus determine its antigenicity and the ability of the virus to interact with host receptors and cause disease
what pathogen causes bluetongue. what stains are the most important in the UK?
- Orbivirusgenus of the Reoviridae family
- Allorbivirusesare arthropod-bourne, distributed byCulicoidesspp.
- Cattle are the reservoir and amplification hosts
- BTV 3 and BTV 8 are the most important ones in the UK and European context
what are the clinical signs of bluetongue in cattle?
- Fever up to (40.0ºC)
- Nasal discharge
- Swelling of the head and neck
- Conjunctivitis (runny eyes)
- Swelling/ulceration of the mouth
- Swollen teats
- abortion
what are the clinicla signs of bluetongue in sheep?
- High rectal temperature
- Eye and nasal discharges
- Drooling (ulcerations in the mouth)
- Swelling of the mouth, head and neck
- Lameness (swelling coronary band)
- Difficulty breathing
- Abortion
how is bluetongue diagnosed?
- Clinicalexamination
- Virusidentification (cell culture & RT-PCR)
- Serologic testing(competitive ELISA & AGID)
- Post-mortemexamination -
◦ haemorrhagic gingivitis
◦ cyanosis of tongue (blue)
◦ congenital abnormalities eg hydrocephalus
what is the treatment for bluetongue?
- NSAIDs
- Supportive care for recumbent animals ( rehydration with isotonic fluids, antibiotic treatment ONLY if it is necessary for secondary infection)
what is the prevention of bluetounge?
Limiting vector exposure during peak biting times (from dusk to dawn)
Methods of controlling vector biting (synthetic pyrethroid) have shown limited efficacy
Modified and inactivated vaccine in some parts of the world
