Oral Communication Flashcards
process of expressing and exchanging information, thoughts, ideas and feelings
Communication
basic parts as the communication process occurs
Elements of Communcation
which latin words did ‘communcation’ evolve from
Communis and Communicare
Communis and Communicare
make something in common
(Nepal, 2011) Some scholars relate the term communication with an English word __
Community
involves series of actions (e.g. passing messages, exchanging ideas) that lead to a particular outcome
Communication
Process of Communcation
Sender - Message - Encode - Channel - Decode - Receiver - Feedback
the source that comes up with an idea
Sender
the information or subject matter the source is intending to share
Message
process of turning thoughts into communication
Encoding
the source that can turn information to words, images, sounds, body language, etc.
Channel
turning communication into thoughts
Decoding
the person for whom the message is intended.
in charged with decoding the message in an attempt to understand the intentions of the source.
Receiver
the response or reply
Feedback
the where and when
the situation or environment in which communication takes place
Social Context
causes communication breakdown
Noise/ Interference
The 3 Models of Communication
Linear/ transmission model
Interactive Model
Transactional Model
one-way process of communication where the information from the sender is conveyed directly to the receiver
Linear/ Transmission Model
What kind of communication model? Delivering a speech
Linear/ Transmission Model
two-way process of communication
Interactive Model
they describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as sender and receiver
Schramm, 1997
describes communication as a process in which communicators generate social realities within social, relational, and cultural contexts
communicating to create relationships
Transactional Model
occurs when the message or feedback is not sent or received properly
Communication Breakdown
What kind of noise?
When you cannot clearly understand the salient points your teacher is making because your seatmates are distracting you.
Physical Noise
the technical term used to refer to all possible barriers to effective communication
Noise
noise that comes from the environment
Physical Noise
noise that originates from the emotional state, mental state, and psychological makeup of a person
Psychological Noise
What kind of noise?
When you are talking with a person who was shocked of the accident, the person really cannot talk properly.
Psychological Noise
noise caused by bodily conditions that compromise the ability of a person to send or receive messages
Physiological Noise
noise related to the meaning of words that distorts or masks a message and confuses the listener
Semantic Noise
A speaker’s use of a foreign language, a listener’s limited vocabulary, or differing interpretations of the meaning of a word.
Semantic Noise
type of communication where words are used to relay message
Verbal Communication
type of communication where one uses body language to convey a message
Non-verbal Communication
the amount of space that a person places between themselves and others
language of space
Proxemics
means ‘nearest’
proximus
communicating through body movement, body posture, and gestures
Kinesics
means ‘movement’
kinesis
What type of non-verbal communicaton?
sighing, signaling the waiter for the bill, etc.
Kinesics
when two friends are having a conversation. If one friend takes a step back because they feel uncomfortable with the other friend standing too close
Proxemics
looks at how people use time
Chronemics
means ‘time’
chronos
What type of non-verbal communication?
when a person intentionally delays responding to a text message to communicate that they are busy or not immediately available to chat. This use of time in responding to messages conveys information about their availability and priorities.
Chronemics
the language of touch
Haptics
means ‘to touch’
Hapt
What type of non-verbal communication?
when a parent hugs their child to provide comfort and emotional support. The physical touch in this context communicates care and affection.
Haptics
The 4 Types of Non-Verbal Communication
Proxemics
Kinesics
Chronemics
Haptics
verbal/non-verbal interaction between people from different cultural backgrounds
Intercultural Communication
a framework created by Dr. Milton Bennett explaining how people experience and engage cultural difference.
aims to turn ethnocentrism to ethnorelativism
The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS)
DMIS
The Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity
The 6 Stages of Development (Intercultural Communication)
Denial
Defense
Minimization
Acceptance
Adaptation
Integration
don’t recognize CDs
Denial
starts to recognize CDs and is intimidated
results in superior view/ unjustified high regard of CDs
Defense
immersing oneself in other people’s culture
“once we see through our CDs, we really are just the same!”
Minimization
begins to appreciate important CDs in behaviours and values
Acceptance
open to world view when accepting new perspectives
Adaptation
starts to go beyond own cultures
Integration
The 7Cs of Effective Communication
Completeness
Conciseness
Consideration
Concreteness
Courtesy
Clearness
Correctness
communication should include everything the receiver needs to hear to properly respond, react, or evaluate properly
Completeness
making the message direct to the point.
no unnecessary, insignificant, redundant information
Conciseness
one must always consider the receiver’s mood, background, race, preference, education, status, needs, etc.
builds rapport with the audience
Consideration
message is supported by facts, real-life examples, evidences
Concreteness
speaker respects culture, values, beliefs of receiver
creates a positive impact
Courtesy
use of simple and specific words to express ideas
achieved when the speaker focuses on a single objective to avoid confusion
Clearness
using correct grammar avoids negative impact and increases credibility and effectiveness of the message
Correctness
