English for Academic and Professional Purposes Flashcards
learning new ideas, understanding main points of a text, and searching for information
Reading
process of reading the main idea to get an overall impression
Skimming
finding a specific information quickly
Scanning
the organization of information in a passage
Text Structures
these can help students in making and understanding argument
Text Structures
The 6 Types of Text Structures
Narrative
Chronological
Cause and Effect
Problem-Solution
Compare and Contrast
Definition and Description
narrates an event or story
Narrative
has characters, settings, conflict, point of view, and plot
Narrative
presents ideas or events in order
Chronological/Process/Sequence
provides explanations or reasons for phenomena
Cause and Effect
Identify problems and pose solutions
Problem-Solution
Discuss two ideas, events, or phenomena showing how are they different and how are they similar
Compare and Contrast
describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, attributes, and examples
Definition and Description
collection of sentences arranged in order that conveys a complete topic
Paragraph
the sentence of a paragraph that expresses the main thought
Topic sentence
The topic sentence should be discussed in greater detail with
supporting details
A paragraph should be __
Unified
Coherent
Well Developed
3 Essential Elements of Paragraph Writing
Good topic sentence
Clear and concise body
Conclusion
often the first sentence of the first paragraph
Topic Sentence
contains the supporting details that follows the topic sentence
Body
tells the main point of the paragraph and the writer’s stand
Topic sentence
Most important sentence in the paragraph
helpful guide to the writer and reader
Topic sentence
A topic sentence must have a __ and __
topic and controlling idea
A topic sentence must be
concise and emphatic
this strategy of positioning the topic sentence is particularly useful in letters of application or in argumentative writing
First sentence
this strategy of positioning the topic sentence allows you to build up to the main point and providing context before presenting the central point
a stylistic choice in writing
Middle sentence
this strategy of positioning the topic sentence is when you want your paragraph to start with specific details and end generally
Last sentence
this strategy of positioning the topic sentence is when the main idea is obvious
No topic sentence
pieces of information that help clarify or elaborate on the main idea
Supporting details
using real-life examples or facts can help the reader understand and believe
Examples and Facts
start with your topic sentence, then follow with supporting details or examples
use transitional devices to make your writing flow smoothly
Organization
sums up all the information
usually summarizes or comments on the main idea
Conclusion
and, again, and then, besides, equally
important, finally, further, furthermore,
nor, too, next, lastly, what’s more,
moreover, in addition, first (second, etc.)
To add
whereas, but, yet, on the other hand,
however, nevertheless, on the contrary, by
comparison, where, compared to, up against,
balanced against, vis a vis, but, although,
conversely, meanwhile, after all, in contrast,
although this may be true
to compare
because, for, since, for the same reason,
obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover,
besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any
case, that is
to prove
yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of,
despite, of course, once in a while,
sometimes
to show contradiction
immediately, thereafter, soon, after a few
hours, finally, then, later, previously,
formerly, first (second, etc.), next, and then
to show time
in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as
has been noted
to repeat
definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact,
indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively,
naturally, surprisingly, always, forever,
perennially, eternally, never, emphatically,
unquestionably, without a doubt, certainly,
undeniably, without reservation
to emphasize
first, second, third, and so forth. A, B, C,
and so forth. next, then, following this, at
this time, now, at this point, after,
afterward, subsequently, finally,
consequently, previously, before this,
simultaneously, concurrently, thus,
therefore, hence, next, and then, soon
to show sequence
for example, for instance, in this case, in
another case, on this occasion, in this
situation, take the case of, to demonstrate,
to illustrate, as an illustration, to illustrate
to give an example
in brief, on the whole, summing up, to
conclude, in conclusion, as I have shown, as
I have said, hence, therefore, accordingly,
thus, as a result, consequently
to summarize or conclude
