Earth Science Flashcards
consists of protons, electrons, and neutrons
Baryonic Matter
source of anti-gravity and causes the universe to expand
Dark Energy
matter that has gravity but does not emit light
Dark Matter
early stage in the formation of a star resulting from the gravitational collapse of gases
Protostar
stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores
Main sequence stars
outward pressure resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational forces
Main sequence stars
distance light can travel in a year
Light Years
Light Year
9.46 trillion km/yr
the universe is composed of
4.6 baryonic matter
24% and 71.4% dark energy
the two most abundant elements in the universe
Hydrogen and Helium
has thousands of galaxies
Cluster
has thousands of clusters
Supercluster
between clusters is __
empty space
at a large scale, the universe appears ___ and ___
homogenous and isotropic
who discovered the Red Shift
Edwin Hubble (1929)
the evidence for an expanding universe
The Red Shift
they believed the world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun
Ancient Egyptians
they believed that Mbombo felt an intense stomach pain and vomited the stars, sun and moon
Kuba Tribe in Central Africa
this theory’s strength is that it shows the First Cause of all things
Creation Theory
the theory’s strengths are:
the red shift
abundance of H, He, Li
the CMBR
Big Bang Theory
The 2 Eras of the Big Bang
Radiation Era
Matter Era
What epoch are we currently in?
The Stellar Epoch
Who proposed the Big Bang Theory?
Georges Lemaître (1927)
What is the Big Bang also called?
The Hypothesis of the Primeval Atom
an extremely dense and hot state that blew up and continues to expand today
Big Bang Theory
the theory maintains that new matter is created as the universe expands thereby maintaining its density
dynamic yet unchanging
Steady State Theory
Who created the Steady-State Theory
Bondi, Gould, Hoyle (1948)
universe following an eternal series of oscillations and would expand for a period of time before the gravitational attraction of matter causes it to collapse back in and undergo a bounce
Oscillating Theory
the gravitational attraction of all matter will cause the universe to collapse and undergo a bounce
Big Crunch
Who theorized the Oscillating Theory
Albert Einstein (1930)
heat death
Big Freeze
a large celestial body composed of gas and emits light
Star
large collection of stars, gas, dust
Galaxy
space and all the matter and energy in it
Universe
absorbs harmful solar radiation and other gases that keep Earth warm enough for life to exist
Ozone Layer
what causes the Ozone Layer to deplete
CFCs
HCFCs
Halons
Methyl bromide
what type of planets are the first four in the solar system
Terrestrial Planets
rocky, dense, relatively small
Terrestrial Planets
what are the terrestrial planets
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
What type of planets are those that orbit farthest from the sun
Gas Giant Planets
thick, gaseous atmospheres; small, rocky cores; and ring systems of ice, rock, and dust
Gas Giants
What are the four Gas Giants
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
has planets, dwarf planets, comets, asteroids, meteoroids
Solar System
a star either ends being
black dwarf
black hole
neutron star
small galaxies that contain a few billion stars
Dwarf Galaxies
the galaxy where our solar system is located and classified as a spiral galaxy
Milky Way
shaped like pinwheels and has two or more spiral arms extending
Spiral galaxies
galaxies that looks like spheres or ovals and don’t have spiral arms
Elliptical Galaxies
galaxies that appear as splotchy, irregularly shaped ‘blobs’
very active areas of star formation
Irregular galaxies
huge spherical areas where very little matter exists
Voids
Hydrogen and other gases swirled around and
condensed into our sun and its planets
Nebular Hypothesis
Who proposed Nebular Theory
Immanuel Kant
One day our sun burst open, and planets and moons
shot out at high speeds and went to their respective places, then
stopped, and started orbiting the sun, as the moons began
orbiting the planets
Fission Theory
Planets and moons were flying around, and
some were captured by our sun and began circling
Capture Theory
A pile of space dust and rock chunks pushed
together into our planet, and another pile pushed itself into
our moon. Then the moon got close enough and began orbiting us
Accretion Theory
Our world collided with a small planet, and the
explosion threw off rocks which became the moon, and then
it began orbiting us
Planetary Collision Theory
Our planets, moons, and suns spun off from the
collision between stars
Stellar Collision Theory
Gas clouds were captured by our
sun. But instead of being drawn into it, they
began whirling and pushing themselves into
planets and moons
Gas Cloud Theory
our bodies are ___ % of water
50 - 70
The 6 Spheres of the Atmosphere
Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Ionosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere
Where is the ozone layer located
Stratosphere
group of related objects/parts that work together to form a whole
system
all the matter, energy, processes within the Earth’s boundary
Earth system
this sphere is mostly solid, rocky part of Earth.
Geosphere
mostly made of silicate materials
Crust
How thick is the oceanic crust?
5-10 km thick
How thick is the Continental crust?
35-70 km
The 2 Crusts
Oceanic
Continental
made of very slow-flowing, solid rock, consisting of silicate materials
Mantle
How thick is the mantle
2900 km
made of iron and nickel and is very dense
Core
How thick is the radius of the core?
3500 km radius
oceans, lakes, rivers, water droplets in clouds
Hydrosphere
snow, ice, sea ice, glaciers, permafrost
Cryosphere
This sphere plays an important role in Earth’s climate and species’ survival
Cryosphere
mixture of mosty invisible gases surrounding the Earth
Atmosphere
The percentage of the Atmosphere
71% N, 21% O, 1% other gases (Ar, CO2, H2O(g)
this sphere traps some energy from the sun, which helps keep the Earth warm enough to
Atmosphere
made up of living things and the areas of Earth wher ethey are found
Biosphere
most of the energy of the Earth comes from the __
Sun
A tiny fraction of Earth’s energy comes from
ocean tides
geothermal sources
movement of energy through the Earth’s system forms an
energy budget
