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First Summative Exam > Earth Science > Flashcards

Earth Science Flashcards

1
Q

consists of protons, electrons, and neutrons

A

Baryonic Matter

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2
Q

source of anti-gravity and causes the universe to expand

A

Dark Energy

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3
Q

matter that has gravity but does not emit light

A

Dark Matter

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4
Q

early stage in the formation of a star resulting from the gravitational collapse of gases

A

Protostar

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5
Q

stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores

A

Main sequence stars

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6
Q

outward pressure resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational forces

A

Main sequence stars

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7
Q

distance light can travel in a year

A

Light Years

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8
Q

Light Year

A

9.46 trillion km/yr

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9
Q

the universe is composed of

A

4.6 baryonic matter
24% and 71.4% dark energy

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10
Q

the two most abundant elements in the universe

A

Hydrogen and Helium

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11
Q

has thousands of galaxies

A

Cluster

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12
Q

has thousands of clusters

A

Supercluster

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13
Q

between clusters is __

A

empty space

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14
Q

at a large scale, the universe appears ___ and ___

A

homogenous and isotropic

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15
Q

who discovered the Red Shift

A

Edwin Hubble (1929)

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16
Q

the evidence for an expanding universe

A

The Red Shift

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17
Q

they believed the world arose from an infinite sea at the first rising of the sun

A

Ancient Egyptians

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18
Q

they believed that Mbombo felt an intense stomach pain and vomited the stars, sun and moon

A

Kuba Tribe in Central Africa

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19
Q

this theory’s strength is that it shows the First Cause of all things

A

Creation Theory

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20
Q

the theory’s strengths are:

the red shift
abundance of H, He, Li
the CMBR

A

Big Bang Theory

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21
Q

The 2 Eras of the Big Bang

A

Radiation Era
Matter Era

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22
Q

What epoch are we currently in?

A

The Stellar Epoch

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23
Q

Who proposed the Big Bang Theory?

A

Georges Lemaître (1927)

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24
Q

What is the Big Bang also called?

A

The Hypothesis of the Primeval Atom

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25
Q

an extremely dense and hot state that blew up and continues to expand today

A

Big Bang Theory

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26
Q

the theory maintains that new matter is created as the universe expands thereby maintaining its density

dynamic yet unchanging

A

Steady State Theory

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27
Q

Who created the Steady-State Theory

A

Bondi, Gould, Hoyle (1948)

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28
Q

universe following an eternal series of oscillations and would expand for a period of time before the gravitational attraction of matter causes it to collapse back in and undergo a bounce

A

Oscillating Theory

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29
Q

the gravitational attraction of all matter will cause the universe to collapse and undergo a bounce

A

Big Crunch

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30
Q

Who theorized the Oscillating Theory

A

Albert Einstein (1930)

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31
Q

heat death

A

Big Freeze

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32
Q

a large celestial body composed of gas and emits light

A

Star

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33
Q

large collection of stars, gas, dust

A

Galaxy

34
Q

space and all the matter and energy in it

A

Universe

35
Q

absorbs harmful solar radiation and other gases that keep Earth warm enough for life to exist

A

Ozone Layer

36
Q

what causes the Ozone Layer to deplete

A

CFCs
HCFCs
Halons
Methyl bromide

37
Q

what type of planets are the first four in the solar system

A

Terrestrial Planets

38
Q

rocky, dense, relatively small

A

Terrestrial Planets

39
Q

what are the terrestrial planets

A

Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars

40
Q

What type of planets are those that orbit farthest from the sun

A

Gas Giant Planets

41
Q

thick, gaseous atmospheres; small, rocky cores; and ring systems of ice, rock, and dust

A

Gas Giants

42
Q

What are the four Gas Giants

A

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

43
Q

has planets, dwarf planets, comets, asteroids, meteoroids

A

Solar System

44
Q

a star either ends being

A

black dwarf
black hole
neutron star

45
Q

small galaxies that contain a few billion stars

A

Dwarf Galaxies

46
Q

the galaxy where our solar system is located and classified as a spiral galaxy

A

Milky Way

47
Q

shaped like pinwheels and has two or more spiral arms extending

A

Spiral galaxies

48
Q

galaxies that looks like spheres or ovals and don’t have spiral arms

A

Elliptical Galaxies

49
Q

galaxies that appear as splotchy, irregularly shaped ‘blobs’

very active areas of star formation

A

Irregular galaxies

50
Q

huge spherical areas where very little matter exists

A

Voids

51
Q

Hydrogen and other gases swirled around and
condensed into our sun and its planets

A

Nebular Hypothesis

52
Q

Who proposed Nebular Theory

A

Immanuel Kant

53
Q

One day our sun burst open, and planets and moons
shot out at high speeds and went to their respective places, then
stopped, and started orbiting the sun, as the moons began
orbiting the planets

A

Fission Theory

54
Q

Planets and moons were flying around, and
some were captured by our sun and began circling

A

Capture Theory

55
Q

A pile of space dust and rock chunks pushed
together into our planet, and another pile pushed itself into
our moon. Then the moon got close enough and began orbiting us

A

Accretion Theory

56
Q

Our world collided with a small planet, and the
explosion threw off rocks which became the moon, and then
it began orbiting us

A

Planetary Collision Theory

57
Q

Our planets, moons, and suns spun off from the
collision between stars

A

Stellar Collision Theory

58
Q

Gas clouds were captured by our
sun. But instead of being drawn into it, they
began whirling and pushing themselves into
planets and moons

A

Gas Cloud Theory

59
Q

our bodies are ___ % of water

A

50 - 70

60
Q

The 6 Spheres of the Atmosphere

A

Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Ionosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere

61
Q

Where is the ozone layer located

A

Stratosphere

62
Q

group of related objects/parts that work together to form a whole

A

system

63
Q

all the matter, energy, processes within the Earth’s boundary

A

Earth system

64
Q

this sphere is mostly solid, rocky part of Earth.

A

Geosphere

65
Q

mostly made of silicate materials

A

Crust

66
Q

How thick is the oceanic crust?

A

5-10 km thick

67
Q

How thick is the Continental crust?

A

35-70 km

68
Q

The 2 Crusts

A

Oceanic
Continental

69
Q

made of very slow-flowing, solid rock, consisting of silicate materials

A

Mantle

70
Q

How thick is the mantle

A

2900 km

71
Q

made of iron and nickel and is very dense

A

Core

72
Q

How thick is the radius of the core?

A

3500 km radius

73
Q

oceans, lakes, rivers, water droplets in clouds

A

Hydrosphere

74
Q

snow, ice, sea ice, glaciers, permafrost

A

Cryosphere

75
Q

This sphere plays an important role in Earth’s climate and species’ survival

A

Cryosphere

76
Q

mixture of mosty invisible gases surrounding the Earth

A

Atmosphere

77
Q

The percentage of the Atmosphere

A

71% N, 21% O, 1% other gases (Ar, CO2, H2O(g)

78
Q

this sphere traps some energy from the sun, which helps keep the Earth warm enough to

A

Atmosphere

79
Q

made up of living things and the areas of Earth wher ethey are found

A

Biosphere

80
Q

most of the energy of the Earth comes from the __

A

Sun

81
Q

A tiny fraction of Earth’s energy comes from

A

ocean tides
geothermal sources

82
Q

movement of energy through the Earth’s system forms an

A

energy budget

First Summative Exam (7 decks)

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