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Anatomy > Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Salivary Glands > Flashcards

Oral Cavity, Pharynx and Salivary Glands Flashcards

1
Q

What is the roof, floor and lateral walls of the oral cavity?

A

– Roof: hard & soft palates
– Floor: mainly soft tissues,
including tongue
– Lateral walls: cheeks

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2
Q

Where is the oral cavity?

A

Sits below the nasal cavity

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3
Q

What seperates the oral cavity and into what?

A

The dental arches separate the oral cavity into the oral vestibule & oral cavity proper

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4
Q

What is anterior and posterior to the oral cavity?

A
  • Anteriorly is the opening of the oral cavity, the oral fissure, created by the lips
  • Posteriorly is the oropharynx
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5
Q

What structures are at the back of the oral cavity and what is between them?

A

Palatoglossal & palatopharyngeal, of the soft palate, form arches (aka anterior & posterior pillars of the fauces [space between oral cavity & pharynx] respectively) with palatine tonsils between these

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6
Q

What is the function of the oral cavity?

A
  • Take in food & fluid
  • Add saliva & start digestion
  • Chew & swallow
  • Taste
  • Protection (tonsils: mainly in the pharynx)
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7
Q

What are the two divisions of the oral cavity?

A

Oral cavity (proper): Space between the teeth
Oral vestibule: Space between the lips/cheeks & dental arches (teeth)

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8
Q

What are the main features of the oral vestibule?

A

labial frenulum (upper/lower): a mucosal fold that connects the gingiva to the lips in the midline
buccal frenulum: mucosal folds that are lateral

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9
Q

What is the lining of the lips and cheeks externally/internally?

histologically

A

externally: skin
internally: non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium lining the mucous membrane

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10
Q

What is the main muscular component of the cheeks?

A

buccinator

compresses the oral vestibule and aids chewing

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11
Q

What are the features of the lips?

what are they?

A

philtrum - depression in midline above upper lip and is a vestigal feature
oral fissure - opening between the lips
orbiculairs oris - main component of lips acting as a sphincter for the oral fissure

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12
Q

What acts as a schincter for the oral fissure?

what assists in altering the shape and size?

A

orbicularis oris

buccinator is involved in altering shape and size

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13
Q

What is the hard palate formed by?

A

Anterior 3⁄4 formed by palatine process of maxilla

Posterior 1⁄4 by the horizontal process of palatine bones & overlying mucosa

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14
Q

What does the mucosa of the hard palate have and what does it do?

A

palatine rugae thought to help tongue with movement of food; they are unique to an individual

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15
Q

What is anterior to the rugae?

A

incisive papilla which overlies the incisive fossa

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16
Q

What passes through the incisive canals?

A

nasopalatine nerve
greater palatine artery

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17
Q

What is the soft palate and what is it’s role?

A

Muscular continuation of hard palate that acts to close the oropharyngeal isthmus or separate the oro- & naso- pharynx

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18
Q

What are the muscles of the palate?

A

musculus uvaulae
palatopharyngeus
tensor veli palatini
levator veli palatini

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19
Q

What nerves supply the palate muscles?

A

by the vagus nerve (CN V) except for the tensor veli palatini which is supplied by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)

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20
Q

What is the blood supply of the palate?

A
  • Greater & lesser palatine artery (ECC > maxillary artery > descending palatine)
  • Greater palatine supplies the hard palate
  • Lesser palatine supplies the soft palate
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21
Q

What nerves provide general sensation to palate?

A

nasopalatine - hard palate
greater palatine - hard palate
lesser paalatine - soft palate

all v2 branches

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22
Q

What divides the tongue and into what?

A

the terminal sulcus divides the tongue into an anterior 2/3rd (oral) and a posterior 1/3rd (pharyngeal)

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23
Q

What covers the external surface of the tongue?

A

papillae (fungiform, foliate, vallate, filiform) to grip food & house taste buds (except filiform which is for texture)

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24
Q

What is the midline of the inferior surface of the tongue marked by?

A

frenulum of the tongue which extends from the inferior
surface of the tongue, along the midline, & is continuous with the mucosa of the
floor of the mouth

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25
Q

What can be seen on each side of the frenulum?

A

lingual vein
sublingual folds

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26
Q

What do extrinsic tongue muscles do?

A

alter position

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27
Q

What do intrinsic tongue muscles do?

A

alter shape

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28
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue and what do they each do?

A

genioglossus - protrudes tongue
hyoglossus - depresses the sides of the tongue
styloglossus - elevates and retracts
palatoglossus - elevates posterior tongue

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29
Q

Where does the lingual artery enter the tongue?

A

enters the tongue between the hyoglossus and genioglossus muscles

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30
Q

Where do the hypoglossal and lingual nerves enter the tongue?

A

external surface of the hyoglossus

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31
Q

Where does the lingual nerve travel and what with?

A

travels together with chorda tympani to anterior 2/3rd of tongue

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32
Q

What is the motor supply of the tongue muscles?

A

Motor supply to all tongue muscles is by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) except for palatoglossus that is supplied by the vagus nerve (CN X)

33
Q

What is general/special sensation of the anterior 2/3rd (oral) supplied by?

A
  • General sensation via mandibular division (CN V3) of trigeminal nerve (CN V) - Lingual
  • Taste via facial nerve (CN VII) - Chorda Tympani
34
Q

What is general/special sensation of the posterior 1/3rd (pharyngeal) supplied by?

A
  • General sensation & taste via glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
35
Q

What is the blood supply and venous drainage of the tongue?

A
  • The lingual artery is the major arterial supply to the tongue (from ECC)
  • The deep lingual & dorsal lingual veins drain the tongue (both drain into the IJV)
36
Q

What are the parts of the pharynx?

A
  • The nasal cavity (nasopharynx)
  • The oral cavity (oropharynx) that is a common pathway for air as well as food & fluid
  • The larynx (laryngopharynx)
37
Q

What are tonsils?

what is their name

A

lymphoid tissue - found in several places forming walderyers tonsillar ring

38
Q

What are the 4 tonsils?

A
  • Pharyngeal tonsils (“adenoids”),
    nasopharynx
  • Tubal tonsils (around tympanic tube opening), nasopharynx
  • Palatine tonsils (“tonsils”), fauces/oropharynx
  • Lingual tonsils, posterior third of tongue
39
Q

What holds the nasopharynx open?

A

pharynogobasilar fascia

40
Q

What are the muscles of the pharynx?

A
  • 3 pharyngeal constrictors (superior, middle & inferior) pushing the food bolus towards the oesophagus
  • Pharyngeal elevators lifting the pharynx to receive the food bolus from the oral cavity
41
Q

What are nerves that can be seen coming out the cranial base on the posterior aspect of the pharynx?

what are they between?

A

CN IX, X, XI, XII
between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein

42
Q

What are the pharngeal constrictors supplied by?

nerve

A

vagus via the pharyngeal plexus

43
Q

What happens when the superior, middle and inferior constrictors contract sequentially?

A

they force food bolus towards the oesophagus

44
Q

What structure does the inferior pharyngeal constrictor have and what is it’s role?

A

a lower circular part known as cricopharyngeus that forms a sphincter around the upper oesophagus preventing air being drawn into the stomach during inhalation

45
Q

Where do pharyngeal elevators come from?

A

descend from the skull to fan out into the inner surface of the pharynx

46
Q

Where do the pharyngela elevators also send fibres to?

A

Some may also send fibres to the thyroid cartilage ensuring simultaneous elevation of the pharynx & larynx during swallowing

47
Q

What are the pharyngeal elevators?

A

palatopharyngeus
stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus

48
Q

What is the role of the palatopharyngeus and what nerve is it supplied by?

A
  • Elevates the pharynx & larynx
  • Also draws the soft palate
    downwards
  • Supplied by the vagus nerve
    (CN X)
49
Q

Where does the stylopharyngeus originates, what is it’s role and what nerve is it supplied by?

A
  • Originates from the styloid process
  • Elevates the pharynx & larynx
  • Only pharyngeal muscle supplied
    by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
50
Q

Where does the salpinogopharyngeus originate, what is it’s role and what nerve is it supplied by?

A
  • Originates from the auditory tube
  • Elevates the pharynx & larynx
  • Also helps open the auditory
    tube during swallowing for pressure equalisation in the middle ear
  • Supplied by the vagus nerve (CN X)
51
Q

What plexus supplies the pharynx and where is it?

A

the pharyngeal plexus that lies on the external pharyngeal wall (over middle constrictor) & receives branches of CN IX & X as well as cervical sympathetics

52
Q

What is parasympathetic secretomotor of the pharnyx by?

A

by CN X directly & pterygopalatine ganglion (CN VII) via CN V2

53
Q

What nerves are involved with the gag reflex?

A

Gag reflex afferent CN IX & efferent CN X

54
Q

What is muscular motor innervation of the pharynx by?

A

Musculature by CN X except stylopharyngeus that is by CN IX

55
Q

What is the nasopharynx sensation supplied by?

A

cnv2

56
Q

What supplies sensation to Oropharynx, palatine tonsil, inferior aspect of soft palate & posterior 1/3 of tongue?

A

CNIX

referred pain to middle ear

57
Q

What supplies sensation to laryngopharynx, vallecula & epiglottis?

A

CNX

58
Q

What supplies sensation to soft palate?

A

combination of CN V2 (anterior part) & CN IX (posterior part)

59
Q

What are the functions of salivary glands?

A

Secrete saliva to:
* Begin digestion of starches
* Keep mouth moist
* Lubricate food
* (Help) prevent tooth decay
* Control bacterial flora of oral
cavity

60
Q

What type of secretion does each gland have?

A

parotid - serous
submandibular - serous and mucous
sublingual - serous and mucous

61
Q

What are the 3 types of salivary secretions?

what is their composition

A
  • Serous (amylase, lysozyme) – protein secreting
  • Mucous (sialomucins) – mucin secreting
  • Mixed (serous secretion and sialomucins)
62
Q

Where is the submandibular gland?

A

Found along mandible, partly superficial (below) & partly deep (above) to the mylohyoid (free posterior border of muscle) – the gland wraps around the mylohyoid Deep part lies in the floor of the oral cavity, lateral to the root of the tongue

63
Q

What loops under submandibular duct before it opens in oral cavity?

A

lingual nerve

64
Q

Where do the submandibular ducts begin?

A

in gland between mylohyoid & hyoglossus

65
Q

What does the submandibular gland have surrounding it?

A

Has a fascial capsule covering the gland that is continuous with the deep investing cervical fascia

66
Q

What are the anatomical relations of the submandibular gland?

A

Digastric muscle (anterior belly)
Facial artery
Mylohyoid muscle
Hypoglossal nerve

67
Q

What is the blood supply/venous drainage of the submandibular ducts?

A

via submental arteries (branch of facial)
via submental veins (to lingual and facial)

68
Q

Where do submandibular ducts open?

A

3 orifices in the oral cavity besides the base of the frenulum (small sublingual papilla/caruncles)

69
Q

Where is the sublingual gland?

A

Almond-shaped, lies in the floor of the mouth between the mandible & hyoglossus, lateral to the submandibular duct & lingual nerve (CN V3)

Sits in sublingual fossa of mandible, superior to anterior part of the mylohyoid line

70
Q

Where do sublingual ducts open?

A

numerous & drain into the oral cavity via openings into crest of the sublingual fold (can sometimes empty with the submandibular duct at sublingual papilla/caruncles)

71
Q

What is the blood supply/venous drainage of the sublingual ducts?

A

Blood supply is via submental & sublingual arteries (branch of facial & lingual arteries)
Venous drainage is via submental veins (to lingual & facial veins) (similar to submandibular)

72
Q

What are the anatomical relations of the sublingual gland?

A

Lingual nerve
Hypoglossal nerve

73
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation path of the sublingual/mandibular gland?

A
  • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel to the submandibular ganglion from the chorda tympani (CN VII nervus intermedius) & via the lingual nerve (CN V3)
  • Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres then travel in the lingual nerve (CN V3) to the sublingual gland OR travel directly to the sublingual & submandibular glands not in a nerve
74
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the sublingual/mandibular gland?

A

Sympathetic innervation is derived from the superior cervical ganglia & the nerve plexus on the external carotid artery resulting mainly in vasoconstriction & reduction in volume of saliva that leads to dry mouth

75
Q

Where are the minor salivary glands and what are they?

what is their innervation

A

Minor salivary glands are found diffusely embedded throughout the submucosa of the oral cavity:
* Buccal (cheek)
* Palatine (palate)
* Lingual (tongue)
* Labial (lip)
Innervated by CN VII & CN V

76
Q

What are minor salivary glands susceptible to?

A

mucoceles (swelling due to blockage of associated ducts)

77
Q

What is the parasympathetic path of minor salivary glands above oral fissue?

A
  • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel to the pterygopalatine ganglion in thegreater petrosal nerve (CN VII nervus intermedius)
  • Postganglionic fibres travel to the palate via the palatine nerves
78
Q

What is the parasympathetic path of minor salivary glands below oral fissue?

A
  • Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel to the submandibular ganglion from the chorda tympani (CN VII nervus intermedius) & via the lingual nerve (CN V ) 3
  • Postganglionic parasympathetic fibres then travel in the lingual nerve (CN V3) to the glands OR travel directly to the glands not in a nerve
79
Q

What are the pathologies of salivary glands or ducts?

3

A

mumps
salivary stones/calculi (sialolithiasis)
excessive salivation (ptyalism)

Anatomy (13 decks)

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