Oral Cavity (Exam III) Flashcards
What is the oral cavity bounded by superiorly?
hard and soft palate
What is the oral cavity bound by inferiorly?
Tongue and floor of mouth
What is the oral cavity bound by anterior and laterally?
teeth (dental arcade)
What is the oral cavity bound by posteriorly?
oropharynx
Area enclosed by between lips and teeth:
vestibule
Transitional zone between external haired skin and internal oral mucosa
vermillion border
The color of the vermillion border is derived from:
highly vascular dermis, & thin, overlying keratinized epidermis
Refers to the color of the lips:
vermillion
The lips are red because the overlying epidermis is very thin so this allows the ____ of underlying dermis to show through
blood vessels
What type of cells make up the thin epidermis of the vermillion border:
stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Lips lack:
sweat and sebaceous glands
Lips are highly sensitive due to:
rich sensory innervation
The oral cavity is responsible for: (3)
- ingestion
- fragmentation
- moistening of food
Involves cutting, chewing, and grinding of food by occlusal surfaces of teeth:
mastication
Mastication is assisted by: (3)
lips, tongue, salivary glands
Food material chopped up by teeth and covered in saliva to make it easier to swallow
bollus
Swallowing is also referred to as:
deglutition
In addition to the digestive functions of the oral cavity, it also is involved in: (4)
- speech
- facial expression
- sensory perception
- respiration
Because the lips lack sweat and sebaceous glands, they require:
constant moistening
Critical for outcome of interactions produced by the oral cavity:
racial expressions
non-keratinized mucosa found on inner cheeks, floor of mouth, inferior surface of tongue, and soft palate:
lining mucosa
List the locations of lining mucosa: (4)
- inner cheeks
- floor of mouth
- inferior surface of tongue
- soft palate
The lining mucosa lacks:
stratum corneum
The lining mucosa is:
non-keratinized
Why must the lining mucosa be kept moist?
because it is missing a stratum corneum
Present in areas of high abrasion:
masticatory mucosa
List 2 examples of areas of high abrasion in which masticatory mucosa may be located:
- gingiva
- hard palate
Masticatory mucosa is ____ or ____.
keratinized or parakeratinized
When cells of the stratum corneum do not lose their nuclei they are said to be:
parakeratinized
Thicker epithelium that has living cells on the epithelial surface (cross between keratinized and non-keratinized)
parakeratinized
Restricted to the dorsal surface of the tongue; keratinized
specialized mucosa
In regard to the tongue, where is specialized mucosa located?
dorsal surface of tongue
Is specialized mucosa of the tongue keratinized or nonkeratinized?
keratinized
The tongue is a _____ organ composed of interlacing ____ fibers.
muscular organ; skeletal muscle fibers
What are scattered throughout the tongue?
accessory salivary glands
What is between the muscular layers of the tongue?
lamina propria
Because the fibers of the tongue are arranged in multiple planes, this provides:
high range of motion
The tongue functions in:
Manipulation of food
The tongue assists with:
speaking
The accessory salivary glands scattered throughout the tongue are in what layer?
lamina propria b/w skeletal muscle layers
The tongue is innervated by:
various cranial nerves
List the cranial nerves providing innervation to the tongue: (5)
5,7,9,10,12
What cranial nerve provides general sensation anterior to the sulcus terminalis?
cranial nerve 5
What cranial nerve provides taste?
cranial nerve 7
What cranial nerve provides general sensation & taste posterior to the sulcus terminalis
cranial nerve 9
What cranial nerve provides taste and perhaps motor as well?
cranial nerve 10
What cranial nerve provides motor to the oral cavity?
cranial nerve 12
The tongue is supported inferiorly by the:
frenulum
Thin band of connective tissue anchoring the tongue to the floor of the mouth:
frenulum
Embryologcially, the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is derived from:
ectoderm
Embryologically, the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is derived from:
pharynx (mesoderm)
The anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue is separated by a groove called the:
sulcus terminalis
Both the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and posterior 1/3 of the tongue are covered by:
stratified squamous epithelium
The stratified squamous epithelium of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue is:
not keratinized
The stratified squamous epithelium of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue is:
keratinized
What anatomical feature prevents the tongue from flipping backwards and occluding the larynx?
frenulum
The sulcus terminalis is a result of:
embryological origins of the tongue
What are the most numerous papillae of the tongue?
Filiform
keratinized, short bristles distributed in parallel rows: (papillae)
filiform papillae
The filiform papillae lack ____ and are primarily _____.
lack tastebuds; primarily tactile
Mushroom shaped papillae scattered among the filiform papillae:
fungiform papillae
Where are the tastebuds located on the fungiform papillae?
dorsal surface
Papillae located in furrows/ridges on the lateral portion of the tongue:
foliate papillae
On foliate papillae, where are the tastebuds located?
laterally
What are assoicated with the salivary glands (Von ebner’s glands) at the base of papilla?
Foliate papilla
What type of salivary glands are foliate papillae associated with?
Von ebner’s glands
Describe foliate papillae in humans:
rudimentary in humans; they contain tasesbuds in children and degenerate with age
Row of 8-12 large dome-shaped papillae
circumvallate papillae
Where are circumvillate papillae located?
immediately anterior to sulcus terminalis
Circumvillate pappilae are surrounded by ____ containing ____.
moat-like sulcus containing large #’s of tases buds laterally around the base
In addition to the folliate papillae, what is the other type of papillae associated with the salivary glands (Von Ebners) at the base of the papillae
Circumvillate papillae
Circumvillate papillae refers to a ____ sulcus that surrounds the papillae.
mobilized
In humans, taste buds are located on ____ of tongue
papillae of tongue
What papillae are not associated with taste buds?
filiform
Adults have 3,000-10,000 taste buds and past the age of 45 many of them:
degenerate
The degeneration of taste buds is responsible for:
changes in taste with age
Taste buds are also scattered over:
palate, pharynx, and epiglottis
Oval taste buds consist of up to 20-30 spindle-shaped central:
taste cells
Another name for taste cells:
gustatory cells
Taste cells contain terminal:
taste hairs
What is the shape of taste cells?
spindle-shaped
The taste hairs project from _____ and into a central ____
the surface of the cell; central taste pore
The taste hairs are covered by a ____ to protect and moisten them
glycoprotein coat
The taste hairs are surrounded by:
substentacular cells and basal cells
Describe the lifespan of taste cells
continuously lost and replaced around ~10 days
Taste cells are associated with:
myelinated nerve enedings
Taste buds are innevated by fibers from:
cranial nerves 7,9,10
What are the 4 basic tastes?
sweet, sour, bitter, and salty
Each taste cell contains receptors for _____; but individual taste buds contain ____
only one taste; mixture of taste cells
What type of taste receptors are concentrated on circumvillate papillae
bitter taste receptors
What acts as a carrier for taste?
saliva
What is the 5th taste that was recently discovered?
Umami
Umami is associated with:
circumvallate papillae
Umami can described as:
savory
Umami taste cells detect certain ____ including ___ & ____.
amino acids
glutamate & aspartate
Glutamate and aspartate are characteristic of:
asparagus, tomatoes, beef, cheese and MSG
Contain greater than normal numbers of circumvallate papillae:
super tasters
Sueprtasters are more sensitive to:
bitter tastes
Recent studies have shown evidence for a 6th taste for:
fat
There is a _____ for taste
basis
an example for a genetic basis for taste:
PTC (phenylthiocarbamide)
What determines if you can taste PTC and what are the names of the individuals who can vs can’t
If you have a gene for PTC and tasters and nontasters
Taste influences:
food preferences
A decreased ability to detect taste:
hypogeusia
Hereditary condition characterized by a total absence of taste buds:
Type 1 familial dysautonomia
In the posterior tongue, the underlying mucosa in the caudal 1/3 is a mass of:
lymphoid tissue
The underlying mucosa in the caudal 1/3 is a mass of lymphoid tissue known as:
the lingual tonsil
The lingual tonsil is similar to ___ & ____ in structure and function
palatine and pharyngeal tonsils
Tonsils are located in a ring around the:
nasopharynx
The tonsils are located in a ring around the nasopharynx which is collectively referred to as:
waldeyer’s ring
Waldyer’s ring functions to:
protect respiratory & digestive tract
Extension of posterior free margin of soft palate:
Uvula
The uvula is an extension of:
posterior free margin of soft palate
The uvulu has a central core of:
skeletal muscle
The uvula is covered by:
lining mucosa
The lining mucosa covering the uvula consists of large numbers of:
submucosal (palatine) glands
The supposed function of the uvula is:
preventing food from entrance into the nasal cavity when swallowing
What are distributed throughout the submucosa of the oral cavity?
salivary glands
What are the three major pairs of salivary glands?
parotid, submandibular, and sublingual
What are the largest salivary glands, located on cheeks, and almost completely serous?
parotid glands
The parotid duct =
stenson’s duct
The duct of the parotid gland is fairly large and it opens:
within the vestibule opposite of the 2nd molar
Glands that are located below the tongue and mostly mucous:
sublingual glands
Glands that are located inferior and medial to the ramus of the mandible and a mixture of mucous and serous
submandibular glands
The submandibular duct =
wharton’s duct
The submandibular duct (wharton’s duct) opens at:
sublingual caruncle
Numerous smaller ____ are scattered throughout the oral mucosa
accessory glands
List the accessory glands of the oral mucosa:
lingual, labial, buccal, and palatine
What is the location of the parotid gland?
cheeks
What is the location of the sublingual glands?
below the tongue
What is the location of the submandibular gland?
located inferior and medial to the ramus of the mandible
Product of the parotid gland:
almost completely serous
Product of the sublingual gland:
mostly mucous
Product of the submandibular gland:
mixed
Individual ascini are either:
serous or mucous
Compound (branched) tubuloacinar glands:
salivary glands
The secretory unit of compound (branched) tubuloacinar glands:
acinus
_____ surround acini of salivary ducts
myoepithelial cells
The myoepithelial cells surround the acini and this allows for :
contraction
The contraction of the acini of the salivary glands aids in:
secretion of saliva into the ducts
Acini are either:
serous or mucous
Serous acini of mixed glands are often in the form of:
demilunes
What are often in the form of demilunes?
serous acini of mixed glands
Intercalated ducts of salivary are lined by:
simple cuboidal epithelium
Intercalated ducts of salivary glands secrete:
Bicarbonate (HC03)
Intercalated ducts of salivary resorb:
chloride (Cl)
Larger striated ducts of salivary glands are made of what type of cells:
simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
The larger striated ducts of salivary glands posses basal striations due to:
folding of the plasma membrane
What is the function of the striated ducts in salivary glands?
Resorb NA, Secrete K into saliva and also secrete Lysozyme and IgA
The striated ducts of salivary glands empty into larger:
excretory ducts
The larger excretory ducts of salivary glands are made of what type of epithelium?
stratified cuboidal or pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Sympathetic stimulation ____ aqueous secretion
inhibits
Sympathetic stimulation inhibits aqueous secretion making saliva:
thick, viscous and rich in protein
Parasympathetics stimulations results in:
copious watery saliva
Saliva contains what 3 main components?
water, glycoproteins, and proteins
An example of the glycoproteins in saliva is:
mucus
What are the 2 enzymes in saliva?
amylase and lysozyme
What is the function of the enzyme amylase in saliva?
converts starch to sugar
What is the function of lysozyme in saliva?
antibacterial
What antibody is found in saliva?
IgA
What inorganic ions can be found in saliva?
Calcium, phosphorus, and chlorine
Saliva is high in ____, low in ____ and high in _____
K; NA; HCO3-
Why is potassium high in bicarb?
to provide an optimal pH
What is the average saliva production in humans per day?
600-1500ml
The functions of saliva include:
- moistens _____
- provides carrier medium for ____
- buffering via ____
- digestions of carbohydrates via ___
- immunologic function via ____
- control of ____
- oral mucosa and dried food
- sense and taste
- high bicarbonate content
- amylase
- secretion of salivary IgA
- bacterial flora
Saliva- Control of bacterial flora- proteins in saliva cover teeth with:
acquired pellicle
Saliva- Control of bacterial flora- contains antibodies that:
prevent tooth decay
What exacerbates tooth decay?
decreased production of saliva
Teeth are grossly divided into:
root and crown
The portion of the tooth embedded in bone:
tooth root
The tooth root is in part of the jaw called the:
alveolar ridge
The tooth socket is called the:
alveolus
Portion of tooth that projects into the oral cavity:
crown
The crown is protected by a highly mineralized layer that covers it called the:
enamel
Enamel is a hard, translucent substance containing:
less than 1% organic material and 96-98% hydroxyappetite
Enamel is _____ in origin
ectodermal
Enamel is secreted by:
tall columnar ameloblasts
The ameloblasts that secrete enamel are part of:
enamel organ
The apical, secretory end of the ameloblast forms a single large process called:
Tome’s process
Enamel mineralization is:
non-uniform
Enamel mineralization is non-uniform resulting in highly calcified:
enamel rods or prisms
Describe the shape of enamel rods or prisms
roughly hexagonal
The highly calcified enamel rods or prisms are separated by:
less mineralized interprismatic material
Enamel rods extend from _____ at the enamel surface to ____.
ameloblasts; dentino-enamel junction
The bulk of the tooth is composed of less mineralized:
dentine
Dentine is _____ in origin:
mesodermal
Dentine is secreted by _____ of ______ as non-mineralized _____.
odontoblasts of dental papilla; pre-dentine
The first secreted pre-dentine is:
non-mineralized
Denitne is chemically similar to bone but:
more mineralized
Dentine contains ~70% :
hydroxyapatite crystals
What two components are found in dentine?
type 1 collagen and GAGs
Dentine is arranged in:
dentine tubules
Describe dentine tubules and where they come from:
hollow, parallel tubes radiating from pulp cavity
The pulp cavity contains long, rod-like cytoplasmic processes of _____ also known as ____.
odontoblasts; Tome’s fibers
The odontoblasts processes:
Tomes Fibers
The tooth root has a central ____ that contains support structures
pulp cavity
What are some structures that may be found in the pulp cavity?
sensory nerves and blood vessels
The dentine of the tooth root is innervated by:
myelinated nerves
Dental pulp is _____ in origin
mesodermal
Dental pulp is mesodermal in origina nd resembles:
primitive mesenchyme
What are the components found in the dental pulp? (4)
- stellate fibroblasts
- reticular fibers
- collagen
- ground substance
The dental pulp is richly supplied by _____ from ____ running with _____.
capillaries ; arterioles ; periodontal ligament
Pulp is essentially an:
embryonic tissue
The tooth root is covered by a thin layer of:
cementum
cementum is _____ in origin
mesodermal
Describe cementum:
amorphous, collagen-based, calcified tissue
Cementum is is 40-50% hydroxyappetite and similar to:
bone
Cementum is manufactured by:
cementoblasts
Cementoblasts mature into:
cementocytes
Cemotoblasts and cementocytes are similar to _____ structurally and functionally
osteoblasts and osteocytes
the cementum layer is anchored to bone of alveolus with fibers of the:
periodontal ligament or membrane
The periodontal ligament is composed of dense collagenous fibers called:
sharpey’s fibers
The periodontal ligament is very:
vascular
sharpey’s fibers run at ____ & support tooth in _____.
oblique angle; socket
What allows for slight movement of the tooth during mastication?
periodontal ligament
Within the periodontal ligament occasional clusters of ____ may be seen
epithelial cells
The occasional clusters of epithelial cells within the periodontal ligament:
vestigial epithelial rests of malassez
The region of the tooth between the root and crown:
neck of tooth
The neck of the tooth is protected by masticatory oral mucosa called:
gingiva
the gingiva covers the upper portion of:
alveolar ridge
times the the gingiva is divided into:
attached gingiva and free gingiva
Gingiva that covers the upper alveolar bone:
attached gingiva
Gingiva that forms a cuff around the neck of the tooth:
free gingiva
The space between the free gingiva and crown is called:
gingival sulcus or crevice
The gingival sulcus is lined by:
crevicular epithelium
Describe the crevicular epithelium:
very thin, only 2-3 cells thick
The crevicular epithelium is:
easily breached by bacteria
If the crevicular epithelium is breached by bacteria this results in:
periodontal disease and gingivitis
Tissues that surround and support the tooth are collectively referred to as:
periodontium
The periodontium includes: (4)
- epithelium
- cementum
- periodontal ligament
- alveolar bone
the process in which the tooth is formed between opposing layers of epithelial cells:
odontogenesis
Odontogenesis occurs to form the tooth between:
opposing layers of epithelial cells
What are the opposing cells in odontogenesis:
ameloblasts of enamel organ and odontoblasts of dental papilla
Enamel is ____ in origin
ectodermal
Dentine, cementum, pulp and the periodontal ligament are _____ in origin
mesodermal
Around the 6th week of fetal development, a horseshoe-shaped _____ arises from ____
epithelial ridge; oral epithelium
The horse-shaped epithelial ridge that arises from the oral epithelium forms the ____ in the position of _____.
dental lamina; future jaws
In odontogenesis, in each quadrant, the lamina forms:
several globular ectodermal swellings
Each globular ectodermal swelling is made for:
each deciduous tooth
The superficial half of the globular ectodermal swelling forms the ____, while the deep half forms the ____.
enamel organs; dental papilla
In odontogenesis, the enamel organ is initially ____ shaped and this is considered the ____ stage
cup-shaped; cap stage
In odontogenesis, cells of the enamel organ progressive differentiate and become:
stellate reticulum
The cells of the enamel organ progressively differentiate and become the stellate reticulum, with:
extracellular matrix of GAGs
The stellate reticulum is later formed into ______ in the _____ stage
bell-shaped structure; bell stage
In odontogenesis during the bell stage, the cells lining the outer surface of the enamel organ becomes:
external enamel epithelium
In odontogenesis, during the bell stage, the cells lining the concave surface of the enamel organ form:
internal enamel epithelium
In odontogenesis the cells comprising the internal enamel epithelium differentiate into:
tall columnar ameloblasts
The process of enamel formation:
amelogenesis
In odontogenesis, deep to the developing enamel organs is:
primitive mesenchyme
In odontogenesis, the primitive mesenchyme deep to the enamel organs develops into:
dental papilla
In odontogenesis, the cells lining the CONVEX surface of the dental papilla develop into:
odontoblasts
The odontoblasts are made from cells lining the ____ surface of the ____.
convex surface of the dental papilla
The process of dentine formation:
dentinogenesis
What two cell layers are in apposition in odontogenesis?
ameloblasts and odontoblast layers
In odontogenesis where does the tooth form?
Between the two laters of apposition
Development of _____ induces differentiation of ____ in odontogenesis
ameloblasts ; odontoblasts
Development of ameloblasts induces differentiation of odontoblasts in odontogenesis but the calcification of _____ induces deposition of _____
dentine; enamel
Tooth formation is initiated by deposition of organic ______ by odontoblasts on the surface of dental papilla
pre-dentine
The predentine from odontoblasts on the surface of dental papilla is later calcified into:
dentine
The calcification of the dentine matrix secondarily induces:
enamel production by ameloblasts
Odontoblasts have ______, embedded in dentine matrix
odontobast processes
The odontoblasts have odontoblast processes embedded in the dentine matrix to from:
dentine tubules
Enamel forms in mineralized columns of:
enamel rods
The enamel rods are separated by less mineralized ____.
interprismatic material
Subsequent to deposition of dentine and enamel, the dental lamina:
fragments and atrophies
At the time of tooth eruption the enamel organ and ameloblasts:
degenerate
The overlying mucosa separates as the:
tooth erupts, exposing the crown
During tooth eruption, the dental papilla ____, becomes the ____ and is surrounded by _____.
shrinks; dental pulp, dentine
After tooth formation is complete, small amounts of ______ continue to be produced
secondary dentine
The secondary dentine may eventually:
obliterate the pulp cavity
The overall shape of the _____ determines the 3D shape of the tooth crown
enamel organ
The outer rim of the enamel organ is known as:
epithelial sheath of Hertwig
Epithelial sheath of hertwig can also be called:
Hertwig’s root sheath
The epithelial sheath of hertwig determines the:
cross-sectional outline of the tooth
Surrounding the mesenchyme of the dental follicle is the:
periodontal ligament
The permanent teeth develop as buds of the:
dental lamina and deciduous enamel organ
In the case of molars, the dental lamina ______ to form enamel organs of secondary dentition
Proliferates caudally
In humans when does too development begin?
~6th week of fetal development
When does tooth eruption occur?
6-30 months after birth
How many deciduous teeth do humans get?
20
for deciduous dentition, per quadrant humans get:
2I, 1C, 2M
Incisors and canines typically have ____ roots, , premolars typically have ____ roots, and molars usually have ____ roots.
1; 2; 2-4
What drug administered during development of permanent dentition gets incorporated into the enamel to yield a yellow discoloration of the teeth?
tetracycline
Typically, what years do you receive your molars
6,12,18
Human dental formula (permanent dentition)
I 2/2 C1/1 P2/2 M3/3
dentition in which all teeth are similar:
homodont
Incisors are modified for:
cutting and biting
canines are modified for:
puncturing and holding
Premolar and molars are generally used for:
grinding
The TMJ allows for what motions that are important for chewing and grinding?
lateral and anterior/posterior
Raised points on occlusal surfaces of molars and premolars and known as cusps and include:
protocone, metacone and paracone
The flattened posterior surface of lower molars is known as:
talonid
Premolars and molars can be low crowned or _____ in ____
bunodont in omnivores
Premolars and molars can be tall, high crowned ____ as in ___
hypsodont in herbivores
Premolars are modified and may be _____ in carnivores for shearing purposes
carnassials
orthodontia is accomplished by:
osteoblasts and osteoclasts activity in alveolus
Results when weak acids in food and drink erode calcified enamel, and is augmented by bacterial action
dental caries
Helps harden enamel and kills bacteria
fluoride
Caused by accumulation of calcified food and bacterial debris (plaque) in the gingival sulcus leading to widening of gingival sulcus and possible inflammation and destruction of the periodontal ligament:
periodontal disease
Periodontal disease is caused by issues in what area:
gingival sulcus
Inflammation of the gums =
Inflammation of the periodontal ligament=
gingivitis
periodontitis
