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Histology > Circulatory System (Exam II) > Flashcards

Circulatory System (Exam II) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary function of the circulatory system?

A

Transport O2, CO2, Nutrients, (to the tissue) and remove metabolic waste (from the tissue)

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2
Q

What are the secondary functions of the circulatory system?

A

Thermoregulation
Transport of immune cells
Transport of hormones

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3
Q

Vascular system consisting of heart and blood vessels

A

Blood vascular system

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4
Q

What are the two components of the circulatory system?

A

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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5
Q

Describe the route of pulmonary circulation:

A

Right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lungs-> pulmonary vein -> left atrium

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6
Q

Describe the path of systemic circulation:

A

Left atrium —> Left ventricle —> aorta —> rest of body

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7
Q

What is the name for extravascular fluid?

A

Lymph

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8
Q

Passive drainage system for returning extravascular fluid (lymph) to blood vascular system:

A

Lymph vascular system

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9
Q

What does the lymph vascular system lack?

A

Intrinsic pump

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10
Q

Due to absence of pump, the lymph vascular system relies on: (2)

A

Muscle contraction and body movement

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11
Q

What type of circulatory systems do humans have?

A

Closed circulatory system

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12
Q

The closed circulatory system is divided into pulmonary circulation that occurs on the ____ side of the heart and systemic circulation that occurs on the ____ side of the heart.

A

Pulmonary = right side
Systemic = left side

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13
Q

The two major types of circulatory systems:

A

Open and closed

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14
Q

Circulatory system in which there are no vessels, but contains a heart that pumps fluid around that circulates within body cavities

A

Open

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15
Q

What is the limiting factor of an open circulatory system:

A

Body size (once you exceed a certain body size, it becomes inefficient)

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16
Q

Circulatory system in which the blood is contained within vessels/ plumbing of the body:

A

Closed circulatory system

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17
Q

The systemic circulatory system takes ____ and distributes it to the rest of the body.

A

Oxygenated blood

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18
Q

Blood vessels of the circulatory system have a common basic structure with:

A

Three concentric layers

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19
Q

The 3 concentric layers of the blood vessels are commonly referred to as:

A

Tunics

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20
Q

The innermost vascular tunic:

A

Tunica intima

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21
Q

What type of cells comprise the tunica intima:

A

Simple squamous endothelial cells lining lumen

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22
Q

The innermost layer of simple squamous endothelial cells lining the lumen

A

Tunica intima

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23
Q

Describe the thickness of the tunica intima:

A

1-2 cells thick- very thin

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24
Q

The tunica intima forms a ____ barrier supported by _____.

A

Semi-permeable barrier supported by a basement membrane

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25
Q

Specialized discontinuous tight junctions between endothelial cells of the tunica intima:

A

Fascia occludens

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26
Q

What do the fascia occludens of the tunica intima do?

A

Allows WBCs to extravasate

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27
Q

The tunica intima contains variable amounts of:

A

Subendothelial connective tissue

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28
Q

If present, separates the tunica intima from the tunica media

A

Internal elastic lamina

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29
Q

What makes up the internal elastic lamina?

A

Elastic fibers

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30
Q

The highly variable middle layer (vascular tunic)

A

Tunica media

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31
Q

The tunica media is comprised of:

A

Smooth muscles cells and fibroblastic connective tissue

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32
Q

In arteries, the tunica media is:

A

The thickest of layers

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33
Q

In arteries the tunica media may contain:

A

Reticulin (type 3 collagen) & elastic fibers

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34
Q

In veins, the tunica media tends to be:

A

Somewhat thinner

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35
Q

What is reticulin?

A

Type III collagen

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36
Q

If present, located between tunica media and tunica adventitia

A

External elastic lamina

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37
Q

What two layers may or may not be present in a vessel?

A

Internal and external elastic lamina

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38
Q

Describe arrangement of elastic fibers in external elastic lamina?

A

Not well organized

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39
Q

What determines an inner or outer elastic lamina will be present?

A

Size of vessel

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40
Q

The outermost layer (vascular tunic)

A

Tunica adventitia

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41
Q

The vascular tunic that is comprised of loose fibroblastic connective tissue

A

Tunica adventitia

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42
Q

The tunica adventitia contains:

A

Loose fibroblastic connected tissue and fibroblasts, collagen, elastic fibers, and smooth muscle cells

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43
Q

Describe thickness of tunica adventitia in arteries:

A

Thin

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44
Q

Describe thickness of tunica adventitia in veins:

A

Thickest

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45
Q

In larger vessels, the tunica adventitia may contain:

A

Vasa vasorum

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46
Q

Small blood vessels that supply the tunica media and tunica adventitia in both large arteries and veins:

A

Vasa vasorum

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47
Q

The tunica adventitia contains what type of nerves?

A

Autonomic nerves

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48
Q

The autonomic nerves of the tunica adventitia:

A

Nervi vasculares

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49
Q

Responsible for the contraction of smooth muscle in vessel walls:

A

Nervi vasculares

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50
Q

What two functions are the Nervi vasculares responsible for?

A

Vasconstriction and vasodilation

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51
Q

Most common fiber of tunica adventitia:

A

Fibroblasts

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52
Q

Decrease of lumen diameter due to action on smooth muscle of tunica media by sympathetic post ganglionic nerve fibers

A

Vasoconstriction

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53
Q

Vasoconstriction is due to the action of what nerve fibers?

A

Sympathetic post ganglionic

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54
Q

The three debated causes of vasodilation:

A
  1. Absence/inhibition of sympathetic stimulation
  2. Accomplished via indirect paratsympathetic innervation
  3. When oxygen tension in cells is low causing smooth muscle to relax
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55
Q

When Endothelial cells to release NO (Nitrous oxide) which secondarily causes smooth muscles to relax, this is an example of vasodilation caused by:

A

Indirect parasympathetic innervation

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56
Q

In response to low oxygen tension, smooth muscle in wall of arterioles:

A

Relax causing vasodilation

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57
Q

Specialized sensory receptors located in the walls of blood vessels (2)

A

Baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

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58
Q

Specialized sensory receptor located in carotid sinus and aortic arch

A

Baroreceptor- detect BP

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59
Q

Baroreceptors detect blood pressure by:

A

Detecting stretch in walls of vessel

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60
Q

Specialized sensory receptor located at bifurcation of carotid aorta and in aortic bodies of the aortic arch

A

Chemoreceptors

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61
Q

Chemoreceptors function by:

A

Detect changes in composition of blood (O2, CO2, pH)

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62
Q

How do chemoreceptors monitor pH?

A

By monitoring hydrogen ion concentration

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63
Q

What system conducts blood AWAY from the heart and TO the capillary bed

A

Arterial system

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64
Q

What system returns blood FROM capillaries and TO heart?

A

Venous system

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65
Q

Cyclical pumping of heart causes:

A

Pulsatile blood flow

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66
Q

Contractions of ventricles:

A

Systole

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67
Q

Systole causes:

A

Pressure wave

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68
Q

Relaxation of the heart:

A

Diastole

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69
Q

Diastole causes:

A

Decrease in pressure

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70
Q

Normal blood pressure:

A

120/80 mm Hg

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71
Q

Expansion and recoil of _____ maintains blood pressure

A

Elastic arteries

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72
Q

Regulation of blood pressure is accompanied by changes in:

A

Diameter of blood vessels

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73
Q

Regulation of BP is accompanied by changes in diameter of blood vessels; occurs via ______ control of _____ in vessel walls

A

Sympathetic control; smooth muscle

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74
Q

Arteries contain larges amounts of _____ & _____

A

Elastin & smooth muscle

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75
Q

In arteries, the vessel wall is _____ relative to lumen diameter

A

Thick

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76
Q

What two arteries carry unoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary and umbilical

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77
Q

What determines the name of the vessel?

A

The direction of blood flow relative to the heart

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78
Q

What causes an ejection of blood volume in the heart?

A

Systole

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79
Q

A drop in BP is commonly seen in what phase of blood pressure?

A

Diastole

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80
Q

In the case of elastic arteries, the large volume of elastin in the walls of these vessels minimizes ____ and encourages ____.

A

Expansion and encourages elastic recoil.

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81
Q

The large amounts of collagen and elastin in the arterial wall, promotes a more:

A

Rigid vessel

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82
Q

When blood vessels constrict the pressure:

A

Increases

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83
Q

When blood vessels relax, pressure:

A

Decreases

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84
Q

Blood pressure thorough the body is regulated by change diameter in vessel size- accomplished by sympathetic control of smooth muscle in the:

A

Tunica media

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85
Q

What is the size of elastic arteries?

A

Greater than 1cm in diameter

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86
Q

What are the large conducting blood vessels that receive blood directly from the heart?

A

Elastic arteries

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87
Q

What are the examples of elastic arteries? (4)

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Common carotid
  3. Subclavian
  4. Pulmonary artery
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88
Q

Elastic arteries have sheets of elastic tissue in the:

A

Tunica media

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89
Q

In elastic arteries, there are sheets in elastic in the tunica media help to:

A

Helps to maintain BP between systole and diastole

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90
Q

Thickest layer of elastic artery?

A

Tunica media

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91
Q

Elastic arteries possess both:

A

Internal and external elastic lamina

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92
Q

If the blood vessels takes up the entire slide it’s most likely:

A

Elastic artery

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93
Q

What is the diameter of muscular arteries?

A

~2-10 mm

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94
Q

Medium sized distributing arteries

A

Muscular arteries

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95
Q

Arteries that have more smooth muscle and less elastin in tunica media when compared to elastic arteries:

A

Muscular arteries

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96
Q

Thickest layer in muscular artery?

A

Tunica Media

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97
Q

A muscular artery contains a distinct _____; while a larger muscular artery may also contain _____.

A

Internal elastic lamina; external elastic lamina

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98
Q

Diameter of arterioles:

A

~10-100 micrometers

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99
Q

Vessels containing relatively little smooth muscle:

A

Arterioles

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100
Q

The tunica media of arterioles is around:

A

~2-3 cells thick

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101
Q

Absent in arterioles:

A

Elastic lamina

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102
Q

The terminal branches of arteriole system supplies:

A

Capillary beds

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103
Q

Arterioles provide the major sites of:

A

Vasoconstriction and vasodilation

104
Q

Arterioles regulate the distributions of blood via:

A

Pre-capillary sphincters

105
Q

What are the intermittent rings of smooth muscle within walls of arterioles

A

Pre-capillary sphincters

106
Q

What are small diameter arterioles that are intermediate in size between arterioles and capillaries?

A

Metaarterioles

107
Q

Metarterioles are in between the size of:

A

Arterioles & Capillaries

108
Q

In general, the amount of smooth muscle ___ with increase in diameter of vessel (and the relative amount of connective tissue ____)

A

Smooth muscle increases

Connective tissue decreases

109
Q

Last blood vessels that you would see before capillary ends?

A

Met arterioles

110
Q

In a Metarteriole, the tunica media has become so thin that it is no longer _____.

A

Continuous

111
Q

Concerned with exchange of gases, fluids, nutrients, metabolites, & waste products

A

Microcirculiation

112
Q

What are the components that microcirculation is concerned with? (Exchange of:)

A
  1. Gases
  2. Fluids
  3. Nutrients
  4. Metabolites
  5. Waste products
113
Q

Microcirculation occurs primarily within ____ but also includes ____ & _____.

A

Capillaries
Arterioles & Venules

114
Q

What are the thin walled vessels ~8-10 micrometers in diameter?

A

Capillaries

115
Q

Capillaries are lined by thin ____ layer of ___ cells.

A

Single; endothelial

116
Q

What are capillaries supported by? (2)

A

Basal lamina & small #’s of pericytes

117
Q

What regulates blood flow to capillaries themselves?

A

Arterioles

118
Q

Major sites of exchange of nutrients and oxygen in tissues; very thin walled vessels

A

Capillaries

119
Q

Generally, fluid leaves circulatory system in:

A

Capillaries

120
Q

Capillaries lack _____ & _____, so they are nothing more than tunica intima with some pericytes and collagen

A

Tunica media & Tunica adventitia

121
Q

____ are derived from same precurser cells as endothelial cells

A

Pericytes

122
Q

Pericytes can differentiate into: (following injury)

A

Endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells

123
Q

Capillaries do not exhibit:

A

Vasomotor activity themselves

124
Q

Vasoconstriction & Vasodilation are accomplished smooth muscle contraction in arterioles & pre capillary sphincters which results in:

A

Passive change in capillary diameter

125
Q

What are the types of capillaries? (3)

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Discontinuous
126
Q

Type of capillary where endothelium forms continuous lining

A

Continuous capillary

127
Q

What is the most common type of capillary?

A

Continuous capillary

128
Q

Examples of where you night find continuous capillaries? (3)

A

Muscle, Lung, CNS

129
Q

A type of capillary that the endothelium forms a continuous lining to prevent lymph form leaking out; endothelial cells fit together like pieces of a puzzle

A

Continuous capillary

130
Q

The type of capillary in which the endothelial cells possess pore, or fenestrae within the cells:

A

Fenestrated capillary

131
Q

In fenestrated capillaries, where are the fenestrae located in relation to the endothelial cell?

A

Within endothelial cell

132
Q

Capillaries that allow large molecular weight stuff to pass through the endothelial lining, or with hormones, you want them to leave the vessel and go to surrounding tissue

A

Fenestrated capillaries

133
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found? (2)

A

Endocrine system, and GI tract

134
Q

The type of capillary where the basal lamina is not continuous:

A

Discontinuous capillary

135
Q

The type of capillary where the endothelial cells are separated by large gaps BETWEEN cells

A

Discontinuous capillary

136
Q

What is the most leaky type of capillary?

A

Discontinuous

137
Q

Discontinuous capillary may form large open spaces called:

A

Sinusoids

138
Q

Where can discontinuous capillaries be found? (4)

A

Liver, spleen, bone marrow, Inn)

139
Q

Transport across capillaries may occur via: (3)

A

Fenestrae, transcytosis, or diapedesis

140
Q

Label the types of capillaries

A

Top to bottom:

  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Discontinuous
141
Q

Label image

A
  1. Junctions- continuous capillary
  2. Fenestrae- fenestrated capillary
  3. Spaces- discontinuous
142
Q

System that functions as a low pressure collecting system for returning from capillary beds to heart

A

Venous system

143
Q

Venous contains vessels with ___ walls and _____ Relative luminal diameter in comparison to corresponding arteries

A

Thinner walls

Larger relative luminal diamter

144
Q

In the venous system, there are fewer layers of smooth muscle in _____ compared to similar sized arteries

A

Tunica media

145
Q

What is the thickest of the 3 layers in veins?

A

Tunica adventitia

146
Q

In veins what prevents backflow (especially in limbs and thorax)

A

Valves

147
Q

Valve failure in legs results in:

A

Varicose veins

148
Q

Why is there a higher likelihood of stagnation in the veins versus arteries?

A

Gravity

149
Q

Because of ____ its okay to remove veins, the blood will just go to a different vein route.

A

Colateral circulation

150
Q

Small veins =

A

Venules

151
Q

Lack elastic lamina, and potentially even tunica media in the smaller ones

A

Venules

152
Q

~10-50 micrometers; both tunica media and adventitia is reduced or absent

A

Post-capillary venules

153
Q

Post-capillary venules is a preferential site for:

A

Diapedesis

154
Q

Venules drain into larger ____, then into _______

A

Collecting venules ——> muscular venules

155
Q

A type of venule with thin smooth muscle layer in tunica media

A

Muscular venules

156
Q

What type of substances act on venules?

A

Vasoactive substances

157
Q

What are examples of vasoactive substances? (2)

A

Histamine and serotonin

158
Q

Vasoactive substances ____ intercellular spaces

A

Enlarge

159
Q

Ultimately vasoactive substances:

A

Increase permeability of vessel

160
Q

The smallest of the venules:

A

Located immediately after the capillary bed

161
Q

Downside of vasodilation in venules:

A

Leakiness = edema

162
Q

Large and medium sized veins are called:

A

Muscular veins

163
Q

Small muscular veins may or may not contain:

A

Internal elastic lamina

164
Q

Medium muscular veins contain only:

A

Internal elastic lamina

165
Q

Large muscular veins contain:

A

Internal and external elastic laminae

166
Q

____ in the tunica media of veins control luminal diameter of muscular veins and venules

A

Smooth muscle

167
Q

To determine difference between muscular artery and vein, you’d look at:

A

Wall thickness & Lumen diameter

168
Q

Direct connections between arterial and venous system

A

AV shunts

169
Q

AV shunts bypass:

A

Capillary bed

170
Q

AV shunts are a type of:

A

Anastomosis

171
Q

AV shunts are commonly found in ____ and function in _____.

A

Skin; thermoregulation

172
Q

Vein or artery directly connecting two capillary beds

A

Portal vessels

173
Q

Example of portal vessels: (1)

A

Hepatic portal vein

174
Q

____ of the venous portal system connects the capillary bed of the small intestine, to the capillary bed of the liver.

A

Hepatic portal vein

175
Q

The idea is that in a shunt, blood detours around capillary bed to: (in AV shunts)

A

Preserve heat

176
Q

When endothelial vessel is damage, cholesterol adheres to exposed proteins to form a:

A

Cholesterol patch

177
Q

Once the endothelium heals (after the vessel damage & cholesterol patch):

A

Cholesterol patch is reabsorbed

178
Q

When endothelium of vessel is damaged, cholesterol adheres to:

A

Exposed proteins

179
Q

After healing of the damaged endothelial vessel, the cholesterol is phagocytosed by _____.

A

Macrophages

180
Q

After healing and after the cholesterol is phagocytosed by macrophages, further phagocytosis occurs by:

A

Endothelial and subintimal cells

181
Q

The endothelial & subintimal cells that later phagocytose the cholesterol patch form:

A

Foam cells

182
Q

What types of cells compose foam cells?

A

Endothelial and subintimal cells

183
Q

What is the purpose of the cholesterol patch formation when and endothelium is damaged?

A

Prevents initiation of clotting cascade

184
Q

Following damage to endothelium of vessel, if inflammatory response becomes chronic this results in: (condition)

A

Atherosclerosis

185
Q

Following damage to endothelium of vessel, if inflammatory response becomes chronic this results in: (what is formed)

A

Plaque

186
Q

In atherosclerosis, the plaque formation can be:

A

Generalized or focal

187
Q

If you have high cholesterol and the cholesterol patch persists, the macrophages come in and try to engulf the cholesterol. But, there is so much cholesterol that the macrophages have to recruit other cells to come and these different cells have ____.

A

Cholesterol vacuoles

188
Q

In atherosclerosis, all the recruited cells with cholesterol vacuoles begin to take on the appearance of:

A

Brown fat

189
Q

When cholesterol patch persists (in case of atherosclerosis) we get the development of:

A

Foam cells

190
Q

What minimizes the effects of atherosclerosis

A

Vitamin C

191
Q

In the later stages of atherosclerosis, you get the proliferation of ____ cells and formation of:

A

Smooth muscle cells, and formation of fibrous connective tissue capsule

192
Q

In atherosclerosis, the formation of the connective tissue capsule around the plaque is formed by fibroblasts migrating in and producing:

A

Collagen

193
Q

In atherosclerosis, the presence of collagen around the plaque results in the limited ability for ___ and ____ to get into the plaque ultimately resulting in ______ & ______.

A

Oxygen and nutrients

Necrosis & secondary calcification

194
Q

In atherosclerosis, the necrosis and secondary calcification is also known as:

A

Hardening of artery

195
Q

In atherosclerosis, as plaques thicken and enlarge, the vessel lumen size decreases and this results in:

A

Elevated systolic BP

196
Q

Atherosclerosis is often associated with what condition:

A

Hypertension

197
Q

What is the most common cause of ischemic heart disease?

A

Atherosclerosis

198
Q

In ischemic heart disease due atherosclerosis, the lumen of the coronary artery may decrease by:

A

90%

199
Q

Gradual narrowing of lumen in vessel:

A

Stenosis

200
Q

Gradual narrowing (stenosis) of vessel by plaque:

A

Thrombosis

201
Q

Thrombosis can also be referred to as _____ of a vessel.

A

Occlusion

202
Q

As plaque enlarges, or if endothelium is damages, this exposes:

A

Underlying collagen

203
Q

Decreased oxygen uptake by tissue:

A

Anoxia

204
Q

Heart becomes anoxic the resulting chest pain is known as:

A

Angina

205
Q

______ formation initiates the clotting cascade:

A

Thrombus

206
Q

Broken off piece of thrombus:

A

Embolus

207
Q

If a piece of thrombus breaks off, this causes:

A

Thromboembolic disease

208
Q

Sudden occlusion by embolus=

A

Acute ischemic event

209
Q

During an acute ischemic event what two symptoms results:

A

Anoxia & Angina

210
Q

If ischemia is untreated and resulting in portion of muscle dying, this is called:

A

Myocardial infarction

211
Q

Death of muscle by ischemia:

A

Myocardial infarction

212
Q

In myocardial infarctions, what cell is terminally differentiated?

A

Cardiac muscle cell (myocytes)

213
Q

Because the myocytes are terminally differentiated, they are unable to:

A

Regenerate

214
Q

Due to the myocytes inability to regenerate, if a portion of the muscle dies, we need:

A

Fibroblasts to produce collagen

215
Q

Problem with fixing gap in cardiac muscle with collagen rather than muscle?

A

Collagen isn’t as stretchy like the original muscle was

216
Q

All healing during MI has to occur via:

A

Fibrosis

217
Q

Due to the connective tissue replacement (from MI), the loss of contactility results in:

A

Decrease or partial loss of function

218
Q

During prolonged ischemia, in addition to MI, ____ can also be effected.

A

Heart valves

219
Q

Inflammation and thinking of AV valves often associated with valvular incompetence leads to:

A

Increased turbulence & regurgitation

220
Q

When inflammation and thickening of the AV valves occurs leading to increased turbulence and regurgitation, this leads to what conditions:

A

Vegetative endocarditis & Thromboembolic disease

221
Q

Similar to MI except it affects the brain instead of heart:

A

Stroke

222
Q

In a stroke, issues occur because ____ are terminally differentiated.

A

Neurons

223
Q

What stage are both cardiac muscle cells and neurons stuck in?

A

Go (G NOT PHASES)

224
Q

The loss of neurons caused by inability to receive oxygen and nutrients, ultimately results in:

A

Cerebral infarct

225
Q

Cerebral infarct basically means our cells are _____, and we have a ______

A

Dead; loss of function

226
Q

In a stroke, what determines the symptoms and severity of a clot:

A

Location of clot

227
Q

Occurs when blood vessels dilate to form thin-walled balloon-like regions:

A

Aneurisms

228
Q

Aneurisms are common in the:

A

Aorta and brain

229
Q

Middle aged Asian women are at an increased risk of developing ______ (numerous bleeding little blood vessels) and the effect can be cumulative over time.

A

TIAs

230
Q

The lymph vascular system is structurally similar to:

A

Veins

231
Q

The lymph vascular system is structurally similar to veins but the endothelial cells:

A

Are thinner and have greater permeability

232
Q

Lymph endothelial cells are highly active in:

A

Phagocytosis

233
Q

The lymph vascular system has very thin:

A

Tunica media

234
Q

____ are present in the lymph vascular system

A

Valves

235
Q

What may or may not be present in the lymph vascular system?

A

Pericytes and basement membrane

236
Q

What is the excess fluid that the lymph vascular system drains?

A

Lymph

237
Q

The lymph vascular system is responsible for drainage of lymph from where and returns it to where:

A

ECS and returns it to blood stream

238
Q

Lymph is formed as a result of:

A

High hydrostatic pressure in arterioles

239
Q

In arterioles, the high hydrostatic pressure exceeds the _______ exerted by plasma proteins

A

Colloidal oncotic pressure

240
Q

In the lymph vascular system, when the high hydrostatic pressure in arterioles exceeds the colloidal oncotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins this results in leakage of: (what and where)

A

water, electrolytes and plasma proteins from capillaries into ECS

241
Q

Lymph is very high in:

A

Protein

242
Q

The ECS is drained by a series of:

A

Interconnected, blind-ending tubules

243
Q

The ECS is drained by a series of interconnected, blind-ending tubules called:

A

Lymphatics

244
Q

The lymphatics converge on the:

A

Thoracic duct & right lymphatic duct

245
Q

What is the largest lymph vessel in the body?

A

Thoracic duct

246
Q

Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct both contain:

A

Tunica media

247
Q

Lymph returns to the blood stream at junction of:

A

Left internal jugular vein & Left subclavian vein

248
Q

Because the lymph vascular system relies on body movement and contraction of skeletal muscle, immobility may lead to:

A

Peripheral edema (swollen feet)

249
Q

What are interspersed along lymph vessels?

A

Lymph nodes

250
Q

Contain lymphoid tissue for antigenic sampling and recognition; activation of immune cells and production of antibodies:

A

Lymph nodes

251
Q

Asymmetrical lymph drainage is important in:

A

Tumor metastasis

252
Q

Thin walled, lack blood, contain smooth, eosinophilic, proteinaceous fluid (lymph), occasional WBCs

A

Lymph node

253
Q

The basement membrane in lymph nodes is ____ or ______.

A

Rudimentary or absent

254
Q

Antigen sampling ——> Immune activation ——-> Lymph trap!

A

Lymph nodes

255
Q

In some areas of the body especially the _____, lymphatic drainage is asymmetrical.

A

Thorax

256
Q

Disease due to fallarid worm, they like the inguinal lymph nodes and they obstruct the return of lymph to the periphery:

A

Elephantiasis

Histology (10 decks)

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