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Histology > Accessory Digestive Organs > Flashcards

Accessory Digestive Organs Flashcards

1
Q

The liver and pancreas are: (where are they derived from)

A

embryological outgrowths of the primitive gut

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2
Q

The liver and pancreas function as:

A

accessory digestive organs

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3
Q

Largest gland and internal organ:

A

Liver

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4
Q

The liver is divided to 4 lobes:

A

Left, right, caudate, quadrate

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5
Q

Major functions of the liver:
1. detoxification of ______
2. Metabolism and detoxification of ___
3. Destruction of _____
4. Recycling of _____ via synthesis and secretion of _____
5. Synthesis of _____
6. Miscellaneous _____

A
  1. metabolic waste
  2. drugs & toxins
  3. senescent rbcs
  4. Hb; bile
  5. plasma proteins
  6. metabolic functions
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6
Q

The liver detoxifies metabolic waste through the process of:

A

deamination of AA’s —> Urea

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7
Q

What plasma proteins are synthesized by the liver? (3)

A

clotting factors, albumin, lipoproteins

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8
Q

The miscellaneous metabolic functions of the liver include: (3)

A

glycogen synthesis, glycogen storage, gluconeogenesis

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9
Q

The external surface of the liver is covered by connective tissue capsule:

A

Glisson’s Capsule

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10
Q

Monosaccharides and AA’s from digestion enter the liver via:

A

hepatic portal vein

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11
Q

Responsible for carrying 75-80% of the blood to the liver:

A

hepatic portal vein

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12
Q

In addition to blood, the hepatic portal vein carries potentially toxic compounds absorbed from the diet to the liver to be:

A

conjugated or detoxified

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13
Q

oxygenated blood supplied to the liver via the _____

A

hepatic artery

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14
Q

The hepatic artery is a branch of the:

A

celiac trunk

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15
Q

oxygenated blood to the liver by the hepatic artery, a branch of the celiac trunk —->

A

portal arterioles in hepatic lobules

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16
Q

_____ caries only 20-25% of blood to the liver

A

portal arterioles

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17
Q

what happens to the blood carried by the portal arterioles:

A

mixes with unoxygenated blood from poratl vein to perfuse liver cells

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18
Q

The liver is a ___ rich, but ____ poor environment

A

nutrient rich; oxygen poor

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19
Q

In hepatic circulation, the venous drainage of lobules occurs via

A

central venules—> hepatic vein

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20
Q

Liver cells:

A

hepatocytes

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21
Q

Most hepatocytes are _____ but some are ____ &/or _____

A

diploid ; polyploid &/or binucleate

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22
Q

Hepatocytes contain large numbers of ___ & ____

A

cytoplasmic granules & storage products

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23
Q

The cytoplasmic granules inside the hepatocytes are from the:

A

rER and lysosomal products

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24
Q

Aging hepatocytes accumulate:

A

lipfuscin (brown pigment)

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25
Q

Individual hepatocytes are ___, arranged in _____ ____ paralleled by ____

A

polygonal; anastomosing cords; venous sinusoids

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26
Q

Sinusoid are lined by:

A

sinusoidal lining cells

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27
Q

Sinusoids are lined by sinusoidal lining cells, a ______ _____, with gaps between endothelial cells

A

discontinuous endothelium

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28
Q

Between the sinusoidal lining cells & hepatocytes is :

A

space of Disse

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29
Q

The space of Disse =

A

perisinusodial space

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30
Q

The space of Disse occurs between:

A

sinusoidal lining cells & hepatocytes

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31
Q

The space of Disse is continuous with

A

lymphatics

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32
Q

Hepatic cords and sinusoids are supported by:

A

reticulin fibers (type 3 collagen)

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33
Q

Within the sinusoids and space of Disse are phagocytic:

A

Kupffer cells (fixed macrophages)

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34
Q

Occasional ___ cells are located between hepatocytes:

A

Ito cells

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35
Q

Fat-storing cells containing lipid droplets, used for Vitamin A and D storage

A

Ito cells

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36
Q

Cords of hepatocytes are arranged in:

A

lobules

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37
Q

A classic lobule is based on:

A

blood flow

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38
Q

A classic lobule is roughly ____ with a central ____ in the middle of the lobule

A

hexagonal; Vein

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39
Q

The central vein in the middle of the classic lobule may also be called:

A

centrilobular Vein, or terminal hepatic venule

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40
Q

The outer margin of each hepatic lobule is delilmited by:

A

thin, connective tissue septum

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41
Q

portal triad =

A

portal artery, portal vein, & bile duct, also lymph vessel but less noticible

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42
Q

@ each corner of the hepatic lobule is a portal tract or triad, and the features in the tract or triad can be:

A

duplicated

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43
Q

Blood enters the hepatic lobules from the

A

portal triads

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44
Q

After the blood enters the hepatic lobule through the portal triad, it percolates through _____ and drains via ____.

A

sinusoids; central vein

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45
Q

triangular area; based on bile flow (opposite of blood flow)

A

portal lobule

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46
Q

In the portal lobule, there is a _____ in the center and_____ at the corners. The shape is ____.

A

portal triad; central veins; triangular in shape

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47
Q

diamond-shaped region between neighboring central veins in the hepatic lobule:

A

acinus

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48
Q

In a hepatic lobule, the central veins are located along _____with _____ at the sides

A

longitudinal axis; portal tracts

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49
Q

The acinus of the hepatic lobule, combines aspects of:

A
  1. blood flow
  2. oxygenation
  3. metabolism
  4. pathology
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50
Q

The acinus of the hepatic lobule is divided into zones:

A

1,2,3

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51
Q

Hepatocytes in different zones of the acinus have different:

A

metabolic environments

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52
Q
  • Zone 1 of the hepatic lobule =
  • Zone 1 is closest _____, and receives the most ____

-Zone 1 is the most susceptible to:

A
  • periolobular zone/periportal
  • portal tract; oxygenated blood
  • toxic injury
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53
Q

zone 2 of the hepatic lobule is considered the:

A

intermediate zone

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54
Q
  • zone 3 of the hepatic lobule=
  • furthest from the ____
  • closest to the ____
  • receives the least ___
  • most susceptible to:
A
  • centrolobular zone
  • portal tract
  • central vein
  • oxygenated blood
  • ischemic injury
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55
Q

Liver function in detoxification or metabolism of various drugs, toxins, metabolites (e.g. ethanol, pesticides, & carcinogens) via:

A

microsomal mixed function oxidase system of sER or peroxidases of peroxisomes

56
Q

The peroxidases of peroxisomes is what system?

A

P450

57
Q

A common sequela to repeated insults or chronic disease in the liver:

A

cirrhosis

58
Q

Cirrhosis is characterized by hepatic:

A

degeneration and necrosis

59
Q

Cirrhosis is characterized by hepatic degeneration and necrosis followed by:

A

fibrosis and nodular regernation

60
Q

associated with cirrhosis (due to fibrosis, and blockage of bloodfow)

A

portal hypertension

61
Q

Portal hypertension is associated with cirrhosis and due to:

A

fibrosis and blockage of blood flow

62
Q

The liver has the ability to:

A

regenerate

63
Q

The liver functions are divided into:

A

exocrine and endocrine

64
Q

Secretion of products via ducts:

A

exocrine

65
Q

Secretion of products without ducts, directly into bloodstream:

A

endocrine

66
Q

The endocrine functions of the liver include:

  1. Synthesis of ____
  2. Synthesis of ____
  3. Process of ____
  4. Storage and release of:
  5. Storage of vitamins:
A
  1. plasma proteins
  2. glucose
  3. gluconeogenesis
  4. glycogen, lipids, and glycoproteins
  5. A & D
67
Q

The exocrine (secretory) function of the liver:

A

bile synthesis

68
Q

Bile is an emulsifying agent and facillitates the:

A

hydrolysis of lipids via pancreatic lipases

69
Q

The adult human liver secretes:

A

~1 liter of bile per day

70
Q

Bile flow from liver _____ by hormones such secretin, CCK and gastin

A

increases

71
Q

Bile flow stimulating hormones - Secretin, CCK and gastrin come from:

A

enteroendocrine (APUD) cells

72
Q

Bile is synthesized by ____ and secreted into a network of _____

A

hepatocytes; bile canaliculi

73
Q

Small canals between hepatocytes formed by grooves in plasma membrane of adjacent cells:

A

bile canaliculi

74
Q

The direction of bile flow is ____ to blood flow

A

opposite

75
Q

Bile flow goes through a series of:

A

progressively larger ducts

76
Q

Bile synthesis includes ____& larger ____

A

bile ducts and larger intrahepatic ducts

77
Q

Bile synthesis includes bile ducts (_____), and larger intrahepatic ducts (_____)

A

portal triads; scattered throughout parnchyma

78
Q

In bile synthesis, bile eventually enters the duodenum @:

A

major duodenal papilla

79
Q

Bile eventually enters the major duodenal papilla following a period of ____ & modification in the ____

A

storage ; gallbladder

80
Q

Muscular sac located in depression along the surface of the liver

A

gallbladder

81
Q

Used to store and concentrate bile:

A

gallbladder

82
Q

The gallbladder is lined by ____ with ____

A

simple columnar epithelium with apical microvilli

83
Q

The apical microvilli on the simple columnar epithelium in the gallbladder is used for:

A

resorption of water

84
Q

The gallbladder lacks:

A

muscularis mucosae

85
Q

In the gallbladder the ____ is highly folded

A

lamina propria

86
Q

In the gallbladder, the lamina propria is highly folded with occasional:

A

tubuloalveolar mucus glands

87
Q

What stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder?

A

CCK (cholecytsokinin)

88
Q

The components of bile include:

A

water, ions, electrolytes, cholesterol + phospholipids, bile acids and bile pigments

89
Q

Cholesterol + phospholipids =

A

lecithin

90
Q

Bile acids are also known as:

A

bile salts

91
Q

What is the best known bile pigment?

A

bilirubin

92
Q

The function of bilirubin:

A

non-soluble breakdown of hgb

93
Q

The water soluble form of bilirubin; conjugated with glucuronide

A

bilirubin glucuronide

94
Q

bilirubin glucuronide involves what form of bilirubin:

A

water soluble form

95
Q

Failure to absorb bilirubin or failure to conjugate it & secrete glucuronide leads to the accumulation of ____ and ___

A

bile pigments and jaundice

96
Q

Supersaturation of bile leads to

A

gallstones

97
Q

Gallstones may also be called:

A

biliari calculi or choleithiasis

98
Q

Obstruction of bile ducts

A

choledocolithiasis

99
Q

Choledocolithiasis resulting from the obstruction of bile ducts leads to:

A

bile stasis or jaundice if severe

100
Q

Jaundice is known as

A

icterus

101
Q

Chronic inflammation gallbladder;

A

cholecystitis

102
Q

Following a cholecystectomy; people are unable to _____ and need to watch their ____.

A

concentrate bile; fat intake

103
Q

Highly lobulated gland with thin, connective tissue capsule; located in the bend of the duodenum

A

pancreas

104
Q

Where is the pancreas located? does it have a capsule?

A

bend of duodenum; yes

105
Q

The pancreas in an embryological outgrowth of the:

A

primitive gut

106
Q

The pancreas contains what 2 components?

A

endocrine and exocrine

107
Q

The endocrine portion of the pancreas

A

ductless

108
Q

The ductless endocrine portion of the pancreatic tissue is located:

A

in islets of langerhands

109
Q

Most of the pancreas is:

A

exocrine (with ducts)

110
Q

The exocrine pancreass can be described as

A

compound acinar serous gland

111
Q

The exocrine pancreas contains densly packed ____

A

serous acini

112
Q

The densely packed acini of the exocrine pancreas contain _____ surrounding a central lumen (duct)

A

pyramidal secretory cells

113
Q

In th exocrine pancreas, acinar cells contain:

A

zymogen granules

114
Q

The zymogen granules within the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas include:

A

tyrpsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, amylase and lipase

115
Q

In the exocrine pancreas- trypsin and chymotrypsin are: ____

Amylase breaks down _____

Lipase breaks down ___

A

proteases

carbs

fats

116
Q

The exocrine pancreas empties into:

A

intercalated ducts

117
Q

The intercalated ducts that the exocrine pacnreas empties into adds ___ & ____ to the pancreatic sections:

A

bicarb and water

118
Q

The interclalated ducts that add bicarb and water to the pancreatic sections do this to:

A

neutralize acidic chyme from the stomach

119
Q

The intercalated ducts functioning to neurtalize acidic chyme from stomach results in an:

A

optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes

120
Q

The duct cells that form the begining of the intercalated duct of the exocrine pancreas are sometimes visible in the center of acini, and are called:

A

centroacinar cells

121
Q

THe intercalated ducts of the exocrine pancreas empty into larger:

A

intralobular ducts

122
Q

The inercalated ducts of the exocrine pancreas empty into larger intrlaobular ducts which empty into larger:

A

interlobular ducts

123
Q

The interlobular ducts may also be called:

A

extralobular ducts

124
Q

Pancreatic secretion enter the duodenum via:

A

pancreatic duct

125
Q

The pancreatic secretion enter the duodenum via the pancreatic duct at:

A

major duodenal papilla

126
Q

What are the principle regulators of the exocrine pancreas?

A

polypeptide hormones secreted by APUD cells

127
Q

The 1 pancreatic regulator secreted by APUD cells of the stomach includes:

A

gastrin

128
Q

Gastrin is secreted by G cells of the:

A

pyloric stomach

129
Q

In pancreatic regulation gastrin stimulates the secretion of:

A

pancreatic fluid

130
Q

The 3 pancreatic regulators secreted by APUD cells of the duodenum include:

A

secretin, CCK, & enterokinase

131
Q

In pancreatic regulation- secretin is secreted by _____ cells.

It stimulates the secretion of ____ by cells of the ____

A

S-cells

bicarb; intercalated ducts

132
Q

In pancreatic regulation- CCK is secreted by ____ cells

CCK stimulates ___ cells to secrete ____

A

I cells

acinar cells; zymogens

133
Q

In pancreatic regulation- enterokinase converts _____ to ____ (within the small intestin), which converts _____ to _____ (digests proteins)

Cascade rxn prevents the pancreas from digesting itself

A

trypsinogen to trypsin

chymotyrpsinogen to chymotrypsin

134
Q

autodigestion of pancreas brough on by alcoholism:

A

pancreatitis

135
Q

What results in the premature conversion of chyotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin and therefore autolysis

A

pancreatisis

Histology (10 decks)

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