Accessory Digestive Organs Flashcards
The liver and pancreas are: (where are they derived from)
embryological outgrowths of the primitive gut
The liver and pancreas function as:
accessory digestive organs
Largest gland and internal organ:
Liver
The liver is divided to 4 lobes:
Left, right, caudate, quadrate
Major functions of the liver:
1. detoxification of ______
2. Metabolism and detoxification of ___
3. Destruction of _____
4. Recycling of _____ via synthesis and secretion of _____
5. Synthesis of _____
6. Miscellaneous _____
- metabolic waste
- drugs & toxins
- senescent rbcs
- Hb; bile
- plasma proteins
- metabolic functions
The liver detoxifies metabolic waste through the process of:
deamination of AA’s —> Urea
What plasma proteins are synthesized by the liver? (3)
clotting factors, albumin, lipoproteins
The miscellaneous metabolic functions of the liver include: (3)
glycogen synthesis, glycogen storage, gluconeogenesis
The external surface of the liver is covered by connective tissue capsule:
Glisson’s Capsule
Monosaccharides and AA’s from digestion enter the liver via:
hepatic portal vein
Responsible for carrying 75-80% of the blood to the liver:
hepatic portal vein
In addition to blood, the hepatic portal vein carries potentially toxic compounds absorbed from the diet to the liver to be:
conjugated or detoxified
oxygenated blood supplied to the liver via the _____
hepatic artery
The hepatic artery is a branch of the:
celiac trunk
oxygenated blood to the liver by the hepatic artery, a branch of the celiac trunk —->
portal arterioles in hepatic lobules
_____ caries only 20-25% of blood to the liver
portal arterioles
what happens to the blood carried by the portal arterioles:
mixes with unoxygenated blood from poratl vein to perfuse liver cells
The liver is a ___ rich, but ____ poor environment
nutrient rich; oxygen poor
In hepatic circulation, the venous drainage of lobules occurs via
central venules—> hepatic vein
Liver cells:
hepatocytes
Most hepatocytes are _____ but some are ____ &/or _____
diploid ; polyploid &/or binucleate
Hepatocytes contain large numbers of ___ & ____
cytoplasmic granules & storage products
The cytoplasmic granules inside the hepatocytes are from the:
rER and lysosomal products
Aging hepatocytes accumulate:
lipfuscin (brown pigment)
Individual hepatocytes are ___, arranged in _____ ____ paralleled by ____
polygonal; anastomosing cords; venous sinusoids
Sinusoid are lined by:
sinusoidal lining cells
Sinusoids are lined by sinusoidal lining cells, a ______ _____, with gaps between endothelial cells
discontinuous endothelium
Between the sinusoidal lining cells & hepatocytes is :
space of Disse
The space of Disse =
perisinusodial space
The space of Disse occurs between:
sinusoidal lining cells & hepatocytes
The space of Disse is continuous with
lymphatics
Hepatic cords and sinusoids are supported by:
reticulin fibers (type 3 collagen)
Within the sinusoids and space of Disse are phagocytic:
Kupffer cells (fixed macrophages)
Occasional ___ cells are located between hepatocytes:
Ito cells
Fat-storing cells containing lipid droplets, used for Vitamin A and D storage
Ito cells
Cords of hepatocytes are arranged in:
lobules
A classic lobule is based on:
blood flow
A classic lobule is roughly ____ with a central ____ in the middle of the lobule
hexagonal; Vein
The central vein in the middle of the classic lobule may also be called:
centrilobular Vein, or terminal hepatic venule
The outer margin of each hepatic lobule is delilmited by:
thin, connective tissue septum
portal triad =
portal artery, portal vein, & bile duct, also lymph vessel but less noticible
@ each corner of the hepatic lobule is a portal tract or triad, and the features in the tract or triad can be:
duplicated
Blood enters the hepatic lobules from the
portal triads
After the blood enters the hepatic lobule through the portal triad, it percolates through _____ and drains via ____.
sinusoids; central vein
triangular area; based on bile flow (opposite of blood flow)
portal lobule
In the portal lobule, there is a _____ in the center and_____ at the corners. The shape is ____.
portal triad; central veins; triangular in shape
diamond-shaped region between neighboring central veins in the hepatic lobule:
acinus
In a hepatic lobule, the central veins are located along _____with _____ at the sides
longitudinal axis; portal tracts
The acinus of the hepatic lobule, combines aspects of:
- blood flow
- oxygenation
- metabolism
- pathology
The acinus of the hepatic lobule is divided into zones:
1,2,3
Hepatocytes in different zones of the acinus have different:
metabolic environments
- Zone 1 of the hepatic lobule =
- Zone 1 is closest _____, and receives the most ____
-Zone 1 is the most susceptible to:
- periolobular zone/periportal
- portal tract; oxygenated blood
- toxic injury
zone 2 of the hepatic lobule is considered the:
intermediate zone
- zone 3 of the hepatic lobule=
- furthest from the ____
- closest to the ____
- receives the least ___
- most susceptible to:
- centrolobular zone
- portal tract
- central vein
- oxygenated blood
- ischemic injury
Liver function in detoxification or metabolism of various drugs, toxins, metabolites (e.g. ethanol, pesticides, & carcinogens) via:
microsomal mixed function oxidase system of sER or peroxidases of peroxisomes
The peroxidases of peroxisomes is what system?
P450
A common sequela to repeated insults or chronic disease in the liver:
cirrhosis
Cirrhosis is characterized by hepatic:
degeneration and necrosis
Cirrhosis is characterized by hepatic degeneration and necrosis followed by:
fibrosis and nodular regernation
associated with cirrhosis (due to fibrosis, and blockage of bloodfow)
portal hypertension
Portal hypertension is associated with cirrhosis and due to:
fibrosis and blockage of blood flow
The liver has the ability to:
regenerate
The liver functions are divided into:
exocrine and endocrine
Secretion of products via ducts:
exocrine
Secretion of products without ducts, directly into bloodstream:
endocrine
The endocrine functions of the liver include:
- Synthesis of ____
- Synthesis of ____
- Process of ____
- Storage and release of:
- Storage of vitamins:
- plasma proteins
- glucose
- gluconeogenesis
- glycogen, lipids, and glycoproteins
- A & D
The exocrine (secretory) function of the liver:
bile synthesis
Bile is an emulsifying agent and facillitates the:
hydrolysis of lipids via pancreatic lipases
The adult human liver secretes:
~1 liter of bile per day
Bile flow from liver _____ by hormones such secretin, CCK and gastin
increases
Bile flow stimulating hormones - Secretin, CCK and gastrin come from:
enteroendocrine (APUD) cells
Bile is synthesized by ____ and secreted into a network of _____
hepatocytes; bile canaliculi
Small canals between hepatocytes formed by grooves in plasma membrane of adjacent cells:
bile canaliculi
The direction of bile flow is ____ to blood flow
opposite
Bile flow goes through a series of:
progressively larger ducts
Bile synthesis includes ____& larger ____
bile ducts and larger intrahepatic ducts
Bile synthesis includes bile ducts (_____), and larger intrahepatic ducts (_____)
portal triads; scattered throughout parnchyma
In bile synthesis, bile eventually enters the duodenum @:
major duodenal papilla
Bile eventually enters the major duodenal papilla following a period of ____ & modification in the ____
storage ; gallbladder
Muscular sac located in depression along the surface of the liver
gallbladder
Used to store and concentrate bile:
gallbladder
The gallbladder is lined by ____ with ____
simple columnar epithelium with apical microvilli
The apical microvilli on the simple columnar epithelium in the gallbladder is used for:
resorption of water
The gallbladder lacks:
muscularis mucosae
In the gallbladder the ____ is highly folded
lamina propria
In the gallbladder, the lamina propria is highly folded with occasional:
tubuloalveolar mucus glands
What stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder?
CCK (cholecytsokinin)
The components of bile include:
water, ions, electrolytes, cholesterol + phospholipids, bile acids and bile pigments
Cholesterol + phospholipids =
lecithin
Bile acids are also known as:
bile salts
What is the best known bile pigment?
bilirubin
The function of bilirubin:
non-soluble breakdown of hgb
The water soluble form of bilirubin; conjugated with glucuronide
bilirubin glucuronide
bilirubin glucuronide involves what form of bilirubin:
water soluble form
Failure to absorb bilirubin or failure to conjugate it & secrete glucuronide leads to the accumulation of ____ and ___
bile pigments and jaundice
Supersaturation of bile leads to
gallstones
Gallstones may also be called:
biliari calculi or choleithiasis
Obstruction of bile ducts
choledocolithiasis
Choledocolithiasis resulting from the obstruction of bile ducts leads to:
bile stasis or jaundice if severe
Jaundice is known as
icterus
Chronic inflammation gallbladder;
cholecystitis
Following a cholecystectomy; people are unable to _____ and need to watch their ____.
concentrate bile; fat intake
Highly lobulated gland with thin, connective tissue capsule; located in the bend of the duodenum
pancreas
Where is the pancreas located? does it have a capsule?
bend of duodenum; yes
The pancreas in an embryological outgrowth of the:
primitive gut
The pancreas contains what 2 components?
endocrine and exocrine
The endocrine portion of the pancreas
ductless
The ductless endocrine portion of the pancreatic tissue is located:
in islets of langerhands
Most of the pancreas is:
exocrine (with ducts)
The exocrine pancreass can be described as
compound acinar serous gland
The exocrine pancreas contains densly packed ____
serous acini
The densely packed acini of the exocrine pancreas contain _____ surrounding a central lumen (duct)
pyramidal secretory cells
In th exocrine pancreas, acinar cells contain:
zymogen granules
The zymogen granules within the acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas include:
tyrpsinogen and chymotrypsinogen, amylase and lipase
In the exocrine pancreas- trypsin and chymotrypsin are: ____
Amylase breaks down _____
Lipase breaks down ___
proteases
carbs
fats
The exocrine pancreas empties into:
intercalated ducts
The intercalated ducts that the exocrine pacnreas empties into adds ___ & ____ to the pancreatic sections:
bicarb and water
The interclalated ducts that add bicarb and water to the pancreatic sections do this to:
neutralize acidic chyme from the stomach
The intercalated ducts functioning to neurtalize acidic chyme from stomach results in an:
optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes
The duct cells that form the begining of the intercalated duct of the exocrine pancreas are sometimes visible in the center of acini, and are called:
centroacinar cells
THe intercalated ducts of the exocrine pancreas empty into larger:
intralobular ducts
The inercalated ducts of the exocrine pancreas empty into larger intrlaobular ducts which empty into larger:
interlobular ducts
The interlobular ducts may also be called:
extralobular ducts
Pancreatic secretion enter the duodenum via:
pancreatic duct
The pancreatic secretion enter the duodenum via the pancreatic duct at:
major duodenal papilla
What are the principle regulators of the exocrine pancreas?
polypeptide hormones secreted by APUD cells
The 1 pancreatic regulator secreted by APUD cells of the stomach includes:
gastrin
Gastrin is secreted by G cells of the:
pyloric stomach
In pancreatic regulation gastrin stimulates the secretion of:
pancreatic fluid
The 3 pancreatic regulators secreted by APUD cells of the duodenum include:
secretin, CCK, & enterokinase
In pancreatic regulation- secretin is secreted by _____ cells.
It stimulates the secretion of ____ by cells of the ____
S-cells
bicarb; intercalated ducts
In pancreatic regulation- CCK is secreted by ____ cells
CCK stimulates ___ cells to secrete ____
I cells
acinar cells; zymogens
In pancreatic regulation- enterokinase converts _____ to ____ (within the small intestin), which converts _____ to _____ (digests proteins)
Cascade rxn prevents the pancreas from digesting itself
trypsinogen to trypsin
chymotyrpsinogen to chymotrypsin
autodigestion of pancreas brough on by alcoholism:
pancreatitis
What results in the premature conversion of chyotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin and therefore autolysis
pancreatisis
