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Histology > GI Tract (Exam III) > Flashcards

GI Tract (Exam III) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the canal that extends from the oral cavity to the anus?

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

What are 5 phases of food breakdown?

A
  1. ingestion
  2. fragmentation
  3. digestion
  4. absorption
  5. elimination
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3
Q

____ occurs in the oral cavity, accompanied by _____; resulting in ____ formation

A

ingestion; fragmentation; bolus

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4
Q

The stomach completes ____ & initiates ____

A

fragmentation; digestion

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5
Q

Contractions of smooth muscles in GI system:

A

peristalsis

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6
Q

Peristalsis is under ___ control

A

autonomic

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7
Q

What do pancreatic and biliary secretions in the duodenum do?

A

emulsification of fat

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8
Q

Where does emulsification of fat occur?

A

duodenum

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9
Q

What occurs in the jejunum and ileum?

A

primary absorption of nutrients

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10
Q

What occurs in the colon?

A

resorption of water & elimination of waste

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11
Q

The muscular tube of GI tract lined by:

A

mucus membrane

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12
Q

There are a large number of ____ associated with the GI tract

A

glands

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13
Q

List 3 glands associated with GI tract

A
  1. liver glands
  2. pancreas glands
  3. intestinal glands
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14
Q

The liver, pancreas and intestinal glands all have what in common?

A

All embryological outgrowths of the GI tract

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15
Q

Diffuse lymphoid tissue scattered throughout GI tract:

A

MALT and GALT

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16
Q

What are the 4 distinct layers of the GI tract:

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. Adventitia (serosa)
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17
Q

The mucosa has 3 overall functions including:

A
  1. protection
  2. secretion
  3. absorption
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18
Q

Different types of mucosa are modified for:

A

diferent functions

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19
Q

The mucosa of the GI tract is subdivided into 3 layers including:

A
  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis mucosae
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20
Q

The layer of mucosa that has secretory & absorptive function;

A

epithelium

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21
Q

The ____ layer of the mucosa has different modifications at different levels of the GI tract

A

epithelium

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22
Q

The layer of mucosa- underlying connective tissue

A

lamina propria

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23
Q

What are some components of the lamina propria? (4)

A
  1. lymphoid nodules
  2. glands
  3. blood vessels
  4. lymphatics
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24
Q

The layer of mucosa- thin layer of smooth muscle

A

muscularis mucosae

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25
Q

The layer of mucosa that is a boundary between the mucosa and submucosa

A

muscularis mucosa

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26
Q

What does the muscularis mucosa act as a boundary between?

A

mucosa & submucosa

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27
Q

There are large numbers of ___ & ____ cells in the lamina propria:

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells (immune surviellence)

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28
Q

Layer of the gut - loose to dense irregular connective tissue layer beneath the muscularis mucosa:

A

submucosa

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29
Q

Layer of the gut responsible for supporting mucosa:

A

submucosa

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30
Q

List the components of submucosa:

A

Larger blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics

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31
Q

Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle layers of the gut:

A

muscularis externa

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32
Q

The muscularis externa may also be called:

A

muscularis propria

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33
Q

The smooth muscle fibers of the muscularis externa are oriented at:

A

right angles to one another

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34
Q

The inner circular layer of the muscularis externa (propria) contains fibers:

A

fibers going circumferential around the gut

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35
Q

The outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa contains:

A

muscle fibers orieneted at right angles to one another

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36
Q

The local contractions that result in mixing of food in the gut:

A

segmentation

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37
Q

Segmentation occurs both ___ & ____ in either direction

A

proximally and distally

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38
Q

____ propels food only in the distal direction

A

peristalsis

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39
Q

Overall effect is like kneading bread dough that results in mixing food with digestive secretions but NOT pushing food down the gut

A

segmentation

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40
Q

When talking peristalsis, another term we can use to describe the direction that food is pushed is ____ which means ____.

A

Aborally; away from mouth toward anus

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41
Q

Describe the contractions of peristalsis

A

forecful an organized

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42
Q

Outer loose connective tissue layer of the gut that contains major nerves, vessels, and adipose tissue

A

adventitia

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43
Q

The adventitia within the abdominal cavity is referred to as:

A

serosa or visceral peritoneum

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44
Q

The adventitia in the gut (serosa/ visceral peritoneum) is continuous with:

A

supporting mesentery

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45
Q

The adventitia of the gut (serosa/visceral peritoneum) is lined by:

A

simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

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46
Q

In other areas, the adventia (serosa/visceral peritoneum) merges with:

A

retroperitoneal tissue

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47
Q

The smooth and shiny surface of the gut

A

adventitia (serosa/visceral peritoneum)

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48
Q

The smooth muscle of the gut is controlled by:

A

autonomic nervous system

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49
Q

The parasympathetic stimulation of the smooth muscle of the gut results in:

A

excitatory

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50
Q

The sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle of the gut results in”

A

inhibitor

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51
Q

The parasympathetic motor nerves synapse with:

A

ganglia located near the effector organ

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52
Q

In the GI tract, ganglia are located:

A

within wall of gut (within submucosa and muscularis externa)

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53
Q

Clusters of parasympathetic ganglia within the submucosa:

A

meissner’s plexus (submucosal plexus)

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54
Q

What type of ganglia comprise meissners plexus?

A

parasympathetic

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55
Q

Larger clusters of ganglia located between inner circular and outer longitudinal muscular layers:

A

myenteric or Auerbachs plexus

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56
Q

Short, muscular tube lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

A

Esophagus

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57
Q

What type of cells line the esophagus?

A

stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium

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58
Q

In the upper third of the esophagus the muscularis externa is composed of:

The middle third of esophagus is composed of:

The lower third of the esophagus is composed of:

A

voluntary skeletal muscle

Skeletal & smooth muscle

Smooth muscle only

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59
Q

Due to the muscle make up of the esophagus, swallowing occurs in the upper 1/3 made of _____ so it is _____

Vomiting occurs in the Lower 1/3 of the esophagus made of _____ so it is ____

A
  • skeletal muscle; voluntary
  • smooth muscle; involuntary
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60
Q

Where is the gastroesophageal sphinctor located?

A

Gastroesophageal junction between stomach and esophagus

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61
Q

Heart burn:

A

pyrosis

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62
Q

Pyrosis is due to regurgitation of ____ into the _____ from the ____ of the stomach

A

stomach acid; distal esophagus; cardia

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63
Q

Regions of the stomach: (3)

A

cardia; fundus; pyrorus

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64
Q

The carida is surrounded by:

A

smooth muscle cardiac sphinctor

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65
Q

The smooth muscle cardiac sphinctor that surrounds the cardia is known as the:

A

gastroesophageal sphinctor

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66
Q

Adjacent to the esophagus; contains predominantly mucus-secreting glands:

A

cardiac sphincter (gastroesophageal sphinctor)

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67
Q

The glandular portion of the stomach:

A

fundus

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68
Q

The fundus secretes (3)

A

acid, pepsin, some mucus

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69
Q

Somes texts differentiate the fundus from the ____. Both are glandular but the fundus is closest to the _____ and the _____ is closest to the ____.

A

-corups
-cardia
- corpus; pyrloris

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70
Q

Portion of the stomach containing primarily mucus (&gastrin) secreting glands

A

pylorus

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71
Q

The smooth muscle ____ control outflow from the stomach into duodenum

A

pylroric sphinctor

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72
Q

The loss of stomach/duodenal epithelium/ mucosa:

A

peptic/gastric ulcer

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73
Q

An ulcer occurs when damage extends below the level of the _____ leading to bleeding.

A

basement membrane and lamina propria

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74
Q

Partial loss of the epithelium of the stomach leading to no bleeding

A

erosion

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75
Q

What is the treatment for peptic/gastric ulcers?

A

antacids (tagamet, cimetidine)

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76
Q

The term peptic ulcers house:

A

stomach and duodenal ulcers

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77
Q

Ulcers are frequently assoicated with:

A

chronic infection w/ helicobacter pylori

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78
Q

Helicobacter pylori produce ____ resulting in _____ and secondarily leading to____

A

urease; increased gastric pH; increased acid production

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79
Q

Treatment of helicobacter pylori includes:

A

triple therapy

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80
Q

The triple therapy used to treat helicobacter pylori includes:

A

2 long term antibiotics & proton pump inhibitor

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81
Q

Distensible organ used for food storage:

A

stomach

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82
Q

How many chambers does the stomach have in most animals?

A

one

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83
Q

In the stomach food undergoes mechanical breakdown via ____ and chemical breakdown via ____ to form ____

A

muscular activity; gastric secretions; chyme

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84
Q

In addition to the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of the stomach, there is also:

A

3rd inner oblique layer in muscularis externa

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85
Q

Little _____ occurs in the stomach
What are the exceptions?

A

absorption
exceptions: water, alcohol, & some drugs

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86
Q

The stomach lining contains prominent longitudinal folds called:

A

ruggae

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87
Q

In the glandular body of the stomach (fundus), muscosa contains prominent:

A

gastric pits called foveolae

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88
Q

The gastric pits (foveolae) of the fundus forms the entrance to ____

A

gastric glands

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89
Q

The gastric glands of the fundus are:

A

straight tubular glands

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90
Q

The gastric glands of the stomach secrete:

A

~2 liters of watery gastric juice/ day

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91
Q

The watery gastric juice secreted by the gastric glands of the stomac contains: (what makes up the gastric juice and at what PH)

A
  1. HCL (pH~1)
  2. pepsinogen
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92
Q

Pepsinogen is an _____ of ____.

A

inactive precurser of pepsin

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93
Q

Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of:

A

HCL

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94
Q

In addition to the pepsinogen and HCL, what other components are found in the gastric juices of the stomach?

A

gastrin, renin, & lipase

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95
Q

How does the mucosa of the stomach protect itself from the harsh environment?

A

thick layer of mucus

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96
Q

Gastric glands contain how many types of cells? name them

A

5 classes
- mucus secreting cells
-acid secreting cells
- pepsin secreting cells
- enteroendocrine cells
- undifferentiated stem cells

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97
Q

The mucus secreting cells of the gastric glands look ___ on H& E

A

clear

98
Q

The mucus secreting cells of the gastric glands cover the:

A

luminal surface and upper third of pit

99
Q

How often are the mucus secreting cells renewed?

A

every 3-5/4-7 days

100
Q

Type of cells that secretes thick, INSOLUBLE mucus and bicarbonate ions- where are they located?

A

surface mucus cells- located on surface

101
Q

Type of cell that secretes SOLUBLE mucus- where are they located?

A

mucus neck cell- located in upper third of pit, at neck of gastric gland

102
Q

Which mucus secreting cells of the gastric glands have direct contact with stomach acid?

A

surface mucus cells

103
Q

Acid secreting cells (a type of gastric gland cell) also can be called:

A

parietal cells or oxyntic cells

104
Q

Acid secreting cells (parietal cells/oxyntic cells), secrete ____ & _____

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

105
Q

The HCL and intrinsic factor secreted by acid secreting cells of the gastric gland is necessary for:

A

absorption of vitamin B12 from the ileum

106
Q

The acid secreting cells (parietal/oxyntic cells) are most numerous in the:

A

middle third of gastric gland

107
Q

How do the acid secreting cells (parietal/oxyntic) stain?

A

pink to purple

108
Q

Pepsin secreting cells can also be called:

A

chief cells, peptic cells or zymogenic cells

109
Q

Pepsin secreting cells (chief/peptic/zymogenic cells) secretes:

A

inactive pepsinogen

110
Q

Pepsin secreting cells (chief/peptic/zymogenic) cells are located at:

A

base of gastric gland (bottom third)

111
Q

Pepsin secreting cells (chief/peptic/zymogenic) cells stain ____ due to ____

A

purple due to large numbers ribosomes

112
Q

Describe the lifespan of parietal and chief cells:

A

long lifespans, replaced every 1 year

113
Q

Parietal and chief cells are controlled by:

A

autonomic nervous system and hormones from endocrine cells in region of pylorus

114
Q

Enteroendocrine cells can also be called ____, what does this stand for?

A

APUD cells; Amine Precurser Uptake and Decarboxylation

115
Q

What are target cells with local vicinity

A

paracrine cells

116
Q

Secrete variety of peptide hormones in response to local factors:

A

paracrine cells

117
Q

Cells that respond to local factors to accomplish control of GI motility and gastric secretion:

A

paracrine cells

118
Q

Gastrin is secreted by ____ cells:

A

G-cells

119
Q

Gastrin stimulates the secretion of ___ & ____

A

HCL and pepsin

120
Q

D cells secrete:

A

somatostatin

121
Q

Somatostatin secreted by D cells inhibits:

A

gastrin secretion

122
Q

Secretin is secreted by :

A

S cells

123
Q

What is the functions of secretin (secreted by S cells)

A

inhibits gastric secretion, and stimulates smooth muscle contraction

124
Q

Gastric glands contain ____ mainly in the neck of the gland:

A

undifferentiated stem cells

125
Q

Cells that continuously divide to replace lost or damaged epithelial cells

A

undifferentiated stem cells

126
Q

As the undifferentiated stem cells of the gastric gland mature, they:

A

migrate up or down gland

127
Q

Describe the size of the small intestine in humans:

A

4-6 meters long

128
Q

The small intestine is the primary site of:

A

absorption and digestion

129
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine (in order)

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

130
Q

The mucosa and submucosa throughout the small intestine is arranged in valve-like folds/rings called:

A

plica-circulares

131
Q

The plica circulares are also called ___ and contain a _____ core.

A

valves of kerkring; submucosal core

132
Q

The purpose of the plica circulares in the small intestine is to:

A

increase surface area

133
Q

The mucosal surface is made up of the small intestine is made up of:

A

villi

134
Q

The core of the villi that line the mucosal surface of the small intestine is:

A

lamina propria

135
Q

Between the vili that line the mucosal surface of the small intestine are:

A

crypts of lieberkuhn

136
Q

gluten enterophathy=

A

coeliac disease

137
Q

Coeliac disease has what effect on villi leading to what downstream effect?

A

causes villus blunting and atrophy leading to malabsorption and weightloss

138
Q

The epthelium of the small intestine is supported by:

A

connective tissue lamina propria

139
Q

The connective tissue lamina propria of the epithelium located in the small intestine contains ______ for absorption of nutrients:

A

capillaries and lymphatics

140
Q

Intestinal villi are lined by:

A

simple columnar epithelium

141
Q

Mucosal cells of the small intestine are called ____ and cover the surface of ____.

A

enterocytes ; villi

142
Q

The apical/luminal surface of the small intestine is ____ and modified into ___

A

highly folded; microvilli

143
Q

The microvilli of the small intestine = _____ or _____

A

striated or brushed border

144
Q

The microvilli of the luminal surface of the small intestine serve to:

A

increase surface area for absorption

145
Q

The microvilli of the small intestine are coated with:

A

glyocalyx of disaccharrides (site of membrane digestion)

146
Q

Plicae, Villi and microvilli all:

A

increase surface area

147
Q

Interspersed among enterocytes are:

A

mucous-secreting goblet cells

148
Q

The mucous secreting goblet cells synthesize ____ which later forms into ____

A

mucinogen to mucus

149
Q

The mucinogen synthesized by goblet cells is stored in _____ to function to ____

A

membrane bound granules that lubricate and protect epithelium

150
Q

At the base of the crypts of the small intestine are:

A

stem cells

151
Q

The stem cells located at the base of the crypts of the small intestine primarly replace:

A

enterocytes

152
Q

The entire epithelial lining of the small intestine is replaced every:

A

3-5 days

153
Q

In addition to stem cells, what else is found at the base of the crypts?

A

paneth cells

154
Q

What type of granules do paneth cells contain?

A

large eosinophilic granules

155
Q

The large eosinophilic granules of paneth cells produce antibacterial proteins called _____ and enzymes including ____.

A

defensins and lysozyme

156
Q

In the small intestine, scattered throughout are small numbers of ___ cells:

A

eneroendocrine (APUD) cells

157
Q

The enteroendocrine cells located in the small intestine function to:

A

regulate GI motility and secretion

158
Q

In the small intestine:

  1. S cells secrete ___ which stimulates the release of ____ from the ___
  2. I cells secrete ____ which stimulates ____ and contraction of the ____.
  3. A cells secrete _____ which serves to ____.
  4. K cells secrete ____, which is ____.
A
  1. secretin; bicarb; pancreas
  2. CCK; pancreatic secretion; gallbladder
  3. glucagon; raise blood sugar
  4. GIP; gastric inhibitory peptide
159
Q

MALT is located in ____ & ______ of the small intestine

A

lamina propria & submucosa

160
Q

MALT contains ___ cells that secrete ___

A

plasma cells; IgA

161
Q

The epithelium of MALT contains enlarges ____

A

M-Cells (microfold)

162
Q

squamoid enterocytes modified for Ag sampling, and uptake of macromolecules:

A

M- cells (of MALT)

163
Q

Dome-shaped areas grossly visible on the surface of mucosa that project into the lumen (in MALT)

A

Peyer’s Patches

164
Q

Peyers Patches contain what type of Loci?

A

B and T cell loci

165
Q

The duodenum is characterized by the presence of ____ in the submucosa:

A

Brunner’s gland

166
Q

Where are brunners glands located?

A

submucosa of duodenum

167
Q

In the duodenum, there is a large # of highly convoluted, branched:

A

tubuloalveolar submucosal glands

168
Q

The tubuloalveolar submucosal glands of the duodenum are: (in appearance)

A

highly convoluted and branched, large #s

169
Q

In the duodenum there is a large # of highly convuluted branched tubuloalveolar submucosal glands called:

A

brunners glands

170
Q

The brunner’s glands secrete ___ & ____ which is unique to the duodenum

A

mucus and zymogens

171
Q

The main function duodenum is to: (who helps)

A

neutralize gastric acid and pepsin (assisted by pancreas and gallbladder)

172
Q

What empties into the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla?

A

pancreatic duct & bile duct

173
Q

The pancreatic duct and bile duct empty into the duodenum at the:

A

major duodenal papilla

174
Q

Chyme from the stomach stimulates the release of 2 hormones from ___ cells. What are the hormones?

A

APUD Cells

secretin & CCK

175
Q

Both secretin and CCK released from APUD cells promote

A

highly alkaline pancreatic secretion:

176
Q

Pancreatic secretions are highly alkaline due to ____ for the purpose of ___

A

bicarbonate; neutralize stomach acid

177
Q

CCK also stimulates the contraction of ____ and the release of ____.

A

gallbladder; bile acids

178
Q

act as emulsifying agents for digestion of lipids, to form micelles:

A

bile acids

179
Q

Pancreatic secretions also contain proteolytic enzymes ____ & ____ for digestion of proteins:

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin

180
Q

Tyrpsin and chymotrypsin are ____ enzymes

A

proteolytic

181
Q

the pancreas secretes ____ & ____ for the digestion of proteins, ____ for the digestion of carbs, and _____ for the digestion of lipids

A

trypsin and chymotrypsin
amylase
lipase

182
Q

Trypsin and chymotrypsin are secreted as _____ & _____ which are _____ to prevent autolysis.

A

trypsinogen & chymotrypsinogen ; zymogens

183
Q

Tyrpsin is activated by _____; trypsins then activates _____.

A

enterokinase; chymotrypsin

184
Q

Digestion is a two step process including:

A

luminal digestion and membrane digestion

185
Q

Involves the mixing of chyme and pancreatinc enzymes to result in molecular breakdown:

A

luminal digestion

186
Q

Involves enzymes of glycocalyx on plasma membrane of enterocytes:

A

membrane digestion

187
Q

Enterocytes synthesize various enzymes including: (3)

A

peptidases, peptide hydrolases, disaccharidases

188
Q

Enterocytes synthesize various enzymes but also produces various ____ for absorption of carbs and amino acids

A

carrier proteins

189
Q

During digestion and absorption, ____ are initially denatured by HCL from _____ cells.

A

proteins ; parietal cells

190
Q

After proteins are denatured by HCL from parietal cells, they then get hydrolyzed by ____ into ____

A

pepsin into polypeptide fragments

191
Q

After proteins are denatured by HCL from parietal cells, and then are hydrolyzed by pepsin into polypeptide fragments, they are further worked on by ____ enzymes: to form ___

A

pancreatic enzymes - trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, and carboxypeptidase ; small peptide fragments

192
Q

After the digestion of proteins, ____ get absorbed by enterocytes via active transport by carrier proteins

A

Amino acids

193
Q

Carbohydrates include:

A

primarily starches- poly, oligo, & disaccharides

194
Q

______ hydrolyze starch into disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose, isomaltose)

A

salivary & pancreatic amylase

195
Q

During digestion, once the carbs have been broken down into disaccharides, they are further broken down into monosachrarides and then absorbed by:

A

enterocytes using facillitated diffusion

196
Q

AAs and monoscacharides are absorbed by ____ lining villi, transported across the epithelium, enter capillaries with lamina propria and make their way into _____ for ____

A

enterocytes; portal vein for liver storage

197
Q

Lipids come in the form of primarily _____ from the diet and then are emulsified by the action of ____.

A

triglycerides; bile acids

198
Q

After triglycerides are emulsified by biles acids, they are further broke down into ___ & ____ by ____.

A

monoglycerides and fatty acids by pacnreatic lipase

199
Q

When the monglycerides and fatty acids are formed from panacreatic lipase, this forms:

A

extracellular micelles

200
Q

Micelles are absorbed by ____, then ___ into triglycerides within the enterocyte & coated with proteins & phospholipids to form _____

A

enterocytes; resynthesized; intraellular chylomicrons

201
Q

Initially triglycerides from diet, that are now intracellular chylomicrons are transported across the enterocytes to ___

A

lacteals

202
Q

blind-ended lymph vessels within lamina propria of villi:

A

lacteals

203
Q

What is the lass step of digestion and absorption of lipids:

A

carried to thoracic duct & general circulation

204
Q

Includes cecum, appendix, ascending, transverse descending and sigmoid colon an drevtum

A

large intestine

205
Q

What does large intestine lack?

A

villi & plicae circulares

206
Q

Small, blind-ended sack, distal to the ileocecal junction:

A

appendix

207
Q

Used for bacterial digestion in herbivores: vestigeal cecum

A

appendix

208
Q

The appendix contains large amounts of:

A

submucosal MALT

209
Q

The appendix is active in:

A

children

210
Q

Inflamed appendix; treatment

A

appendicits; appendectomy

211
Q

The primary function of the colon is:

A

H2O and electrolyte resorption

212
Q

The colon produces ____ for elimination of undigested food and waste

A

mucus

213
Q

In the colon we have large #’s of _____ in the epithelium and ____ glands in the submucosa

A

goblet cells; colonic glands

214
Q

What glands are NOT present in the colon?

A

Brunners

215
Q

The colon lacks ____ & _____

A

villi & plicae firculares

216
Q

The mucosal epithelium of the colon is similar to the _____ but in adults what cells are absent?

A

small intestine; paneth cells

217
Q

MALT in the large intestine does NOT form:

A

domed peyer’s patches

218
Q

No ____ are present in lamina propria of the colon:

A

lacteals

219
Q

In the colon, epithelial cell replacement occurs every 5 days from ____ located at the base of ____

A

stem cells ; grandular crypts

220
Q

In the colon, there are large numbers of commensal bacterial called ____ .

A

coliforms

221
Q

The outer longitudinal layer in the muscularis external of the colon is is reduced or incomplete- forming

A

3 longitudinal strips- taenia coli

222
Q

The taenia coli in the colon are responsible for formation of

A

haustra

223
Q

sacculations of large intestine:

A

Haustra

224
Q

GI polyps indicate:

A

adenoma

225
Q

Any mass arising from the wall of the colon that protrudes into the lumem; generally asymptomatic, and the most common sign is rectal bleeding. Treatment is surgical removal:

A

polyps- adenoma

226
Q

colon cancer=

A

adenocarcinoma

227
Q

______ roughage & fiber in diet, can ____ colon cancer by ____ transit time & ____ GI motility

A

increased; decrease; decreasing; increasing

228
Q

Treatment of adenocarcinoma (colon cancer) involves:

A

surgical removal; maybe even colon resction

229
Q

There are new test kits for early detection of colon cancer, that detect ____

A

tumor antibodies

230
Q

Short dilated terminal portion of the large intestine:

A

rectum

231
Q

the rectum contains _____ folds and large #’s of _____ glands

A

transverse rectal folds; mucus glands

232
Q

In the rectum, there is a transition of mucosa from ______ to ______ at the anal canal.

A

simple columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium

233
Q

Anal canal contains longitudinal folds called:

A

anal columns

234
Q

The anal columns may also be called:

A

columns of margani

235
Q

Within the anal canal, ____ extend into the submucosa and muscularis externa

A

anal glands

236
Q

In the rectum, branched, straight, tubular glands that secrete mucus:

A

anal glands

237
Q

Surrounding musculature of the forms:

A

internal and external sphinctors

238
Q

The external sphincter of the rectum is ______ while the internal sphincter of the rectum is ____.

A

voluntary (skeletal muscle)
involuntary (smooth muscle)

239
Q

Occasional enalrgement and irriation of the submucosal veins around the anal canal:

A

hermorrhoids

240
Q

The external opening; exit of the GI tract:

A

anus

Histology (10 decks)

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