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3rd Year - Module 5 > Oral Biology > Flashcards

Oral Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is another word for Hoehl’s layer?

A

The cell free zone of Weil

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2
Q

What zone lies next to the pulp and blends with it?

A

Cell rich zone

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3
Q

What does the pulp core zone comprise and what zone does it lie below?

A

prominent blood vessels and nerves and is present below the cell rich zone.

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4
Q

What are the layers of the pulp from inner to outer?

A

Pulp core
Cell rich zone
Cell-free zone of Weil
Odontoblast layer

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5
Q

What lies in the cell-free zone of Weil?

A

rich in both capillaries and nerve networks.

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6
Q

What is the outer layer of the pulp and what does it lie under?

A

odontoblast layer which contains odontoblasts and lies next to the predentin and mature dentin.

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7
Q

What is the odontoblast layer of the dental pulp and what is its purpose?

A

form a natural barrier between mineralized tissues, dentin, and soft tissues, dental pulp, of the vital tooth, and they first recognize caries-related pathogens and sense external irritations

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8
Q

Are odontoblasts polarised?

A

Yes, nucleus lies towards the pulp

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9
Q

What is the name of the projection from odontoblasts into the pre-dentine and what do they do?

A

odontoblast process
function in the secretion, assembly and mineralization of dentin during development, participate in mechanosensation, and aid in dentin repair in mature teeth

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10
Q

What is the main role of an odontoblast?

A

to form dentine and protect pulp tissue

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11
Q

What is the main role of fibroblasts?

A

synthesise and secrete collagen and non-collagenous proteins, degrading old/damaged proteins and formation of connective tissue

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12
Q

What is a lymphocyte?

A

Inflammatory cells
immune cell that is made in the bone marrow and is found in the blood and in lymph tissue

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13
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

Inflammatory cell
specialised cells involved in the detection, phagocytosis and destruction of bacteria and other harmful organisms

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14
Q

What is a histocyte?

A

inflammatory cell
phagocytic cell present in connective tissue

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15
Q

What is a pulpal dendritic cell and what do they do?

A

Inflammatory cell
potent antigen presenting cells that capture, process, and then present antigens to T cells when they mature

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16
Q

What are the compositions of collagen present in the ECM in pulp?

A

type 1 - 56%
type II - 41%

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17
Q

What is type 1 collagen?

A

most abundant collagen found in connective tissues and the primary determinant of tensile strength of the ECM

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18
Q

What is type II collagen?

A

protein that is part of the cartilage, bone, and other types of connective tissues

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19
Q

What are the components of pulpal extracellular matrix?

A

Collagen
Phosphorylated ECM proteins
Non-phosphorylated ECM proteins
Proteoglycans
Growth factors
Enzymes

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20
Q

What is the diameter of an arteriole?

A

35-45 micro m

21
Q

What is the diameter of a capillary?

A

8 micro m

22
Q

What is the diameter of a venule?

A

over 50 micro m

23
Q

Do venules have valves?

A

no

24
Q

What does stimulation to dentine result in via neurogenic control?

A

Pain
increased blood flow
axon reflex causes vasodilation and increases capillary permeability and sensitivity

25
Q

What are four factors that control pulpal blood vessels?

A

Efferent autonomic nerves
Neurogenic control
Local factors
Constant volume problem

26
Q

How many axons enter a premolar?

A

2500

27
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent neurons?

A

Afferent - information from sensory receptors to the CNS
Efferent - information from the CNS to muscles and glands

28
Q

Where do efferent nerves travel to and from?

A

From CNS to muscles and glands

29
Q

Where do afferent nerves travel to and from?

A

From sensory receptors to the CNS

30
Q

Are the majority of nerves involved in pulpal innervation myelinated or non-myelinated?

A

70-80% non-myelinated

31
Q

Of the remaining 20-30% of pulpal nerves which are myelinated, what types of nerves make up this proportion?

A

90% A delta fibres
10% A beta fibres

32
Q

Where is the Plexus of Raschkow classically found?

A

In the cell free zone

33
Q

What is the function of the Plexus of Raschkow?

A

monitors sensations of pain

34
Q

What kind of sensations are transmitted by A delta fibres and what are A delta fibres?

A

afferent fibres of nociceptors - larger and the most rapidly conducting
associated with the sharp, well-localized pain activated by mechanical and thermal stimuli.

35
Q

What is a nociceptor?

A

Pain receptor
sensory receptors that detect signals from damaged tissue or the threat of damage

36
Q

What are A beta fibres and what sensations are transmitted by them?

A

touch receptor
afferent fibres from stretch receptors. Aβ fibres from the skin are mostly dedicated to touch

37
Q

What are embryonic stem cells and what can they differentiate into?

A

undifferentiated cells in developing tissues
can differentiate into any cell type

38
Q

What are adult stem cells and what can they differentiate into?

A

undifferentiated cells found living within specific differentiated tissues in our bodies that can renew themselves or generate new cells that can replenish dead or damaged tissue

39
Q

What is the function of dental pulp stem cells?

A

production of odontoblast like cells to create reparative dentin support

40
Q

What are stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth and what can they form?

A

pluripotent cells that can be retrieved from primary teeth
can form bone or dentine

41
Q

What does SCAP stand for?

A

Stem cells from apical papilla

42
Q

What do growth factors induce?

A

induce stem cell migration and differentiation

43
Q

What initiates the migration and differentiation of stem cells?

A

growth factors

44
Q

What are two examples of growth factors present in the dentine?

A

TGF-beta 1
BMP - bone morphogenetic protein

45
Q

What can trigger the release of growth factor and subsequent stimulation of stem cell migration and differentiation?

A

an acid environment eg. caries

46
Q

What are two medicaments that can be applied to cause inflammatory changes in the hope of stem cell differentiation and dentine formation to maintain pulp vitality?

A

Ca(OH)2
MTA

47
Q

What kind of dentine is produced from a mild stimulus causing dentinogenesis and how is it formed?

A

Reactionary dentine - odontoblasts produce more dentine

48
Q

What kind of dentine is produced from a strong stimulus eg. caries causing dentinogenesis and how is it formed?

A

Reparative dentine - aggressive insult causes odontoblasts to die. Stem cells migrate, proliferate and form reparative dentine

3rd Year - Module 5 (12 decks)

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