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3rd Year - Module 5 > BLS and medical emergencies > Flashcards

BLS and medical emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atherosclerosis?

A

potentially serious condition where arteries become clogged with fatty substances called plaques or atheroma

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2
Q

What is myocardial infarction?

A

death of heart muscle

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3
Q

What is the common word for cerebral infarction?

A

stroke

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4
Q

What does infarction mean?

A

tissue death

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5
Q

What is an example of periphery infarction?

A

gangrene of legs

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6
Q

What is a type of gut infarction which is often fatal?

A

mesenteric infarction

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7
Q

What is hypercholesterolaemia?

A

high cholesterol

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8
Q

Blood pressure is stated as what?

A

systolic/diastolic

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9
Q

What is a systolic movement?

A

heart pumping

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10
Q

What is a diastolic movement?

A

heart relaxing

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11
Q

Where does the heartbeat originate?

A

sinoatrial node

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12
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

abnormal cardiac rhythm

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13
Q

What is atrial fibrillation and what is it an example of?

A

abnormal electrical impulses suddenly start firing in the atria causing highly irregular pulse rate
type of arrhythmia

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14
Q

What is a tachyarrhythmia ?

A

irregular cardiac rhythm - too fast

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15
Q

What is Bradyarrhythmia?

A

irregular cardiac rhythm - too slow

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16
Q

What is asystole?

A

complete absence of electrical activity in the heart

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17
Q

What are pacemakers often placed to compensate for?

A

Bradyarrhythmia

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18
Q

Adrenaline in LA should be used with caution in patients with what heart condition?

A

Arrhythmia and heart failure

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19
Q

What is SVT and is it normally serious?

A

Supraventricular tachycardia is a condition where your heart suddenly beats much faster than normal. Many patients know how to self terminate but can be more dangerous if people have other heart conditions

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20
Q

What is the most common type of arrhythmia?

A

atrial fibrillation

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21
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

abnormal electrical impulses suddenly start firing in the atria which causes you to have a highly irregular pulse rate

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22
Q

What are the most dangerous cardiac arrhythmias?

A

ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia

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23
Q

What do you call an arrhythmia where the heart rate is too slow?

A

Bradyarrhythmia

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24
Q

What do you call an arrhythmia where the heart rate is too high?

A

Tachyarrhythmia

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25
Q

What is the treatment for ventricular fibrillation?

A

start CPR, rapid defibrillation, phone 999

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26
Q

Where on the body will you most often find a pacemaker?

A

left upper chest wall, below the clavicle

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27
Q

What does ICD stand for?

A

implantable cardioverter defibrillator

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28
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

atherosclerosis affecting peripheral vessels

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29
Q

What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

swelling of aorta due to damage to vessel wall from atherosclerosis

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30
Q

What is the number 1 cause of mortality in the Western World?

A

Ischaemic heart disease

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31
Q

What is ischaemic heart disease also known as and what are its symptoms?

A

stable angina
due to narrowing of coronary arteries by atherosclerosis

32
Q

What are two anti-platelet drugs used to treat stable angina?

A

clopidogrel, aspirin

33
Q

What are two types of acute coronary syndrome?

A

1) unstable angina (myocardial ischaemia)
2) myocardial infarction

34
Q

In the management of acute coronary syndrome, what are the stages involved?

A

call 999
sit patient up
give high flow oxygen
give GTN spray - 2 sprays sublingually up to 3 doses 5mins apart
give 300mg aspirin

35
Q

What is the most common symptom in people with peripheral vascular disease?

A

intermittent claudication, pain in calves while walking

36
Q

There is a UK screening programme for abdominal aortic aneurysm, what demographic does it target?

A

men over 65

37
Q

Where can angina pain be felt?

A

centre of chest
indigestion
back pain
jaw pain
arm pain

38
Q

In a person having angina, what is the dose of GTN spray and how is it administered?

A

2 puffs GTN sublingually, 5 mins apart up to 3 doses

39
Q

What is the emergency dental treatment of a person having a myocardial infarction?

A

999
sit up
oxygen
GTN
Aspirin

40
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

LHS - between ventricle and aorta

41
Q

Where is the mitral valve?

A

LHS - between atrium and ventricle

42
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

RHS - between atrium and ventricle

43
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

RHS - between ventricle and pulmonary artery

44
Q

What is the most common cause of valvular heart disease?

A

ageing

45
Q

Everyone with a valve replacement needs lifelong anticoagulation - T or F?

A

false - all mechanical valves require lifelong anticoagulation. Biological do not (eg. porcine valves) do not.

46
Q

What is the target INR for a person with a mechanical valve replacement?

A

Range 2.5-4 depending on patient and valve factors

47
Q

A person with an atrial septal defect should get antibiotic prophylaxis prior to dental treatment - T or F?

A

false

48
Q

What are three causes of heart failure?

A

dilated cardiomyopathy
ischaemic heart disease
atrial fibrillation

49
Q

What medicines are commonly prescribed in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction?

A

loop diuretics - mainstay of symptom control treatment
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - always
beta blockers - always if tolerated

50
Q

Postural hypotension is common in people with heart disease - T or F?

A

true due to many medications that reduce BP

51
Q

People with heart failure may experience orthopnoea and may not be able to lie flat - T of F?

A

true

52
Q

What is orthopnoea?

A

shortness of breath that occurs while lying flat and is relieved by sitting or standing

53
Q

What is a normal heart rate?

A

between 60 and 100bpm

54
Q

What is a normal blood pressure?

A

90/60 mm Hg to 120/80 mm Hg

55
Q

What is a normal breathing rate?

A

12 to 18 breaths per minute

56
Q

What is a normal body temperature?

A

roughly 37 degrees C

57
Q

What is a normal INR level?

A

1.1 or below is considered normal

58
Q

What is the INR level?

A

measures the time for the blood to clot

59
Q

What is an effective therapeutic INR level for people taking warfarin?

A

2.0 to 3.0 is generally an effective therapeutic range for people taking warfarin for certain disorders.

60
Q

What is a normal oxygen saturation?

A

95-100%

61
Q

What does ABCDE stand for?

A

Airways
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure

62
Q

What does the AVPCU scale stand for?

A

Alert
Verbal
Pain
Confusion (new)
Unresponsive

63
Q

What is the emergency treatment of a seizure over 5 mins or repeated seizures?

A

high flow oxygen
midazolam oromucosal solution 10mg buccally
999 if needed

64
Q

What does FAST stand for relating to cerebral infarction?

A

Face
Arms
Speech
Time

65
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

when lung lining punctures and air escapes into pleural space

66
Q

How do you treat asthma in the dental setting?

A

ABCDE approach
give salbutamol inhaler - 2 puffs with spacer
phone 999
high flow oxygen
salbutamol 5mg nebuliser or 2-10 puffs via spacer
repeat salbutamol every 10 mins

67
Q

What are the markers of acute severe asthma?

A

1) PEFR 33-50% predicted
2) resp rate over 25/min
3) HR >110bpm
4) inability to complete sentences in one breath

68
Q

What dose of Salbutamol inhaler should be given in an acute asthma attack in your dental surgery?

A

initially 2 puffs via metered dose inhaler
if no response - call 999, oxygen flow, salbutamol 5mg nebulised or 2-10 puffs via MDI

69
Q

How would you manage acute breathlessness in a person with COPD in your surgery?

A

ABCDE
salbutamol 2 puffs via spacer
oxygen to maintain sats at 88-92%
may need to hospitalise

70
Q

How is COPD different to asthma?

A

irreversible airway obstruction
chronic cough common
persistent and progressive breathlessness
aetiology is usually inhalation of toxins - smoking, air pollution

71
Q

What inhalers are used in COPD?

A

SABA, LABA, LAMA, ICS

72
Q

What does HbA1c measure?

A

measures the amount of blood sugar (glucose) attached to your hemoglobin

73
Q

What is a normal HbA1c level?

A

> 48mmol/mol

74
Q

What is arthritis?

A

inflammation of joints

75
Q

What is arthrosis?

A

non-inflammation joint disease

76
Q

What is arthralgia?

A

joint pain

3rd Year - Module 5 (12 decks)

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