Option D9 Flashcards by Chris Achkar

Q

Drug Isolation and Purification

What may be found in the product formed when synthesizing drug?

A

Mixture of compounds formed, as well as unreacted components, including reactants, solvents, and catalysts.

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Q

Drug Isolation and Purification

What is required to obtain pure form of drug?

A

Isolation of product in pure form

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Q

Drug Isolation and Purification

What does the process of isolation involve?

A

Exploit differences in physical properties of required product and other components of mixture

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Q

Drug Isolation and Purification

What are the 2 main properties exploited in the process of isolation?

A

-Differences in solubilities in different solvents
-Differences in volatility.

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Q

Organic Structure and Solubility

What is solubility?

A

Ability to interact and form stable bonds with the solvent

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Q

Organic Structure and Solubility

Where do non-polar organic molecules dissolve?

A

In organic solvents such as hexane or benzene, as they interact with solvent via LDF.

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Q

Organic Structure and Solubility

What are organic solvents made of?

A

High hydrocarbon chains as well as low number of functional groups

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Q

Organic Structure and Solubility

Where do polar organic compounds dissolve in?

A

In water, as it has a higher proportion of functional groups that are polar as they interact by forming hydrogen bonds. As well as in solutes that have hydroxyl, carboxyl, and amino groups

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Q

Organic Structure and Solubility

What is extraction?

A

Choosing a solvent which dissolves a particular component

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Q

Organic Structure and Solubility

What is solvent extraction?

A

Exploits the fact that a solute might show the greatest difference in solubility between 2 solvents that are immiscible

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Q

Organic Structure and Solubility

What is partition?

A

It is when a solute becomes unequally distributed between the 2 solvents, when given the chance to dissolve in both

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Q

Organic Structure and Solubility

What is an example of solvent extraction?

A

-A product mixture is an aqueous solution with required product X. It is known that X has a higher solubility in hexane than water
-The aqueous mixture is added to separating funnel and a volume of hexane is added. It is then vigorously shaken and placed on a stand allowing the particles to settle.
-Product X is seen to be dissolved more in hexane than water, the lower layer is drained away, leaving the hexane in the funnel
-X can be recovered by evaporating the hexane

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Q

Organic Structure and Volatility

What is the boiling point of an organic compound determined by?

A

Strength of forces between molecules, which must be broken in order to separate molecules and form gas phase

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Q

Organic Structure and Volatility

What is volatility?

A

The tendency of a molecule to evaporate at normal temperatures

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Q

Organic Structure and Volatility

What is the relationship between, intermolecular forces, boiling point, and volatility

A

The stronger the intermolecular forces, the higher the boiling point as well as lower the volatility

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Q

Organic Structure and Volatility

What are the factors that influence strength of intermolecular forces?

A

Molecular size and polarity

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Q

Organic Structure and Volatility

How does volatility change with increasing size?

A

Volatility decreases due to increase in LDF

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Q

Organic Structure and Volatility

How does volatility change with increasing polarity?

A

Polar functional groups are able to form hydrogen bonds and dipole-dipole bonds therefore reducing the volatility

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Q

Organic Structure and Volatility

What is fractional distillation?

A

Seperation technique which exploits changes in volatility

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Q

Organic Structure and Volatility

What does the process of fractional distillation involve?

A

A fractionating column which contains fractions, which contain a mixture of liquids which boil within narrow temperature range.

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Q

Organic Structure and Volatility

What is the theory of fractional distillation based on?

A

Raoult’s Law

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Q

Organic Structure and Volatility

What is the mole fraction used in Raoult’s law?

A

The fraction of moles of substance in mixture

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Q

Organic Structure and Volatility

What is the equation for finding the mole fraction?

A

XA=n(A)/n(A)+n(B)
XB=n(B)/n(A)+n(B)

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Q

Organic Structure and Volatility

What should be the sum of the mole fractions?

A

Equal to 1

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# **Organic Structure and Volatility** What is equilibrium vapor?

Pressure exerted by a vapor on its liquid where rate of evaporation equals rate of condensation

# **Organic Structure and Volatility** What happens when the equilibrium lies to the right?

Higer the vapor pressure as more molecules exist in gaseous state

# **Organic Structure and Volatility** How does the volatilty of a compound affcet its vapor pressure

The more volatile the compound, the more vapor pressure exerted

# **Organic Structure and Volatility** What is the total vapor pressure?

Equal to the sum of the vapor pressure of each component in mixture

# **Organic Structure and Volatility** What is the equation of the total vapor pressure?

Ptotal= PA+PB

# **Organic Structure and Volatility** How can PA and PB be found?

By using P°, which is the vapor pressure of a pure substance. PA = P°A × XA and PB = P°B × XB

# **Organic Structure and Volatility** What does the vapor pressure of a solution of 2 liquids depend on?

The vapour pressures and proportion of each liquid present

# **Organic Structure and Volatility** What is the vapor above the mixture of solutions enriched with?

The more volatile component

# **Organic Structure and Volatility** How does the process of fractional ditillation occur?

Uses a fractionating column, which has glass beads or projections inside to increase surface area. As solution boils, it evaporates up the column until it reaches colder areas and recondenses back down. This recondensed vapor is reboiled by the ascending vapor and the process repeats until sufficient vapor exits the flask and is collected and condensed to form liquid with more volatile compound.

# **Steroid Detection** What are steroids?

Are lipids with a structure consisting of four fused rings, known as a steroidal backbone

# **Steroid Detection** What are the steroids found in male sex hormones?

Testosterone

# **Steroid Detection** What type of steroids are testosterone known as?

Anabolic steroids which aid in promoting tissue growth, especially muscles

# **Steroid Detection** Where are anabolic drugs usually synthesized from?

Testosterone

# **Steroid Detection** What are the effcets of intaking anabolic steroids?

-Toxic to liver -Increased risk of cancer -Disturb hormone balance in body

# **Steroid Detection** What is the most used method for steoid detection?

Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

# **Steroid Detection** What are the techniques used in gas chromatography-mass spectrometry?

-Gas chromatography which separates chemical mixture into pure chemicals -Mass spectroscopy identifies and quatifies compunds

# **Gas Chromatography** What is the basic principle of gas chromatography?

Components have different affinities for 2 phases, a stationary and mobile phase, and these compounds are separated as mobile phase moves through staionary phase

# **Gas Chromatography** What is the stationary phase?

A microscopic layer of a non-volatile liquid, usually a polymer, which is coated on the walls of an inert solid support

# **Gas Chromatography** What is the mobile phase?

An inert carrier gas such as helium

# **Gas Chromatography** What is the separation of the comunds determned by?

By the different rates at which they move through instrument

# **Gas Chromatography** What does the rate depend on?

The boiling point and solubilities of each component, as these will detemine the associations with the mobile and stationary phase

# **Gas Chromatography** How do the molecules partition themselves?

Molecules who spend more time in mobile phase move more quickly, while those with higher boiling points and greater solubility in stationary phase move more slowly

# **Gas Chromatography** What is the process of chromatography?

Sample is introduced into instrument by injection and heated so that it boils. The inert gas will then mix with the boiled substance and will travel into the column

# **Gas Chromatography** Why is the temperature used in chromatography lower than the initial temperature?

So that components are able to condense and may condense on stationary phase on walls of column

# **Gas Chromatography** How will the components be removed?

Based on how they have been partitioned, the components are eluted at a retention time

# Gas Chromatography How is the concentration of each component recorded?

A detector is used to record the passage of each compound as a peak, and the area under the peak is a measure of its concentration relative to a known standard.

# **Gas Chromatography** Which compounds are eluted more quickly?

More volatile compounds are eluted quicker and have shorteer retention times

# **Mass Spectrometry** What does a mass spectrometer do?

Vaporizes the sample and then generates positive ions from the components. These ions are then accelerated and deflected in a magnetic field, and separated according to their different deflections

# **Mass Spectrometry** How can molecules be identified?

From their mass to charge ratio when they are fragmented. Molecules tend to fragment in predictable places so fragmentation patterns gives clues to their structures

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** What makes ethanol soluble in aquoeus solutions?

The polar -OH groups which allowed it to form hydrogen bonds

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** Why are the effects of ethanol noticeable after a very short period of time?

Due to he fact that it can pass from the gut to the blood quickly

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** Why is ethanol considered a depressnat?

It decreases the activity of the central nervous system, which causes short-term changes to behavior and long-term changes to dependnacy

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** What is an impaired person?

A person whose judgement is changed by the presence of ethanol in the blood

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** What do the tests of body fluids aim at knowing?

Blood alcohol concentration

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** What does ethanol's volatility allow it to do?

Establish equilibrium in the lungs between the solution in blood and gas, which is released in exhaled breath

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** What allows the blood concentration level to be assessed?

The fact that the Kc value for reaction has a fixed value at a particular temperature

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** What are breathalyzers?

Instruments used to measure ethanol concentration in a sample of breath and convert it into blood alcohol concentration

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** How do breathalysers work?

They use redox chemistry, as ethanol is oxidized to ethanal then ethanoic acid by potassium dichromate, which changes color from orange to green.

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** What is an alcosensor?

Uses electrochemical processes in a fuel cell to measure ethanol concentrations

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** What does the alcosensor consist of?

2 platinum electrodes with a porous acid electrolyte in between.

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** How does alcosensor work?

Exhaled air is passed through cell and any ethanol would be oxidized to ethanoic acid at anode. Page 925

# **Techniques Used for Detection of Ethanol** What happens at the cathode?

Oxygen is reduced to water. Page 925