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Chemistry Option D > Option D4 > Flashcards

Option D4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Excess acidity in the stomach is potentially harmful

What is the role of the gut?

A

Gnerates and maintains different pH enviroments which control activity of enzymes

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2
Q

Excess acidity in the stomach is potentially harmful

What is the result of the low stomach pH?

A

The production of HCl

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3
Q

Excess acidity in the stomach is potentially harmful

From where is HCl released?

A

Parietal cells found in gastric gland in the lining of stomach wall

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4
Q

Excess acidity in the stomach is potentially harmful

What does the acidic environment favor?

A

-Kills bacteria
-PProvides optimum enviromnment for digestive enzymes

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5
Q

Excess acidity in the stomach is potentially harmful

What is gastric juice?

A

Excess production of acidic secretion

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6
Q

Excess acidity in the stomach is potentially harmful

What are the factors that lead to secretion gastric juice?

A

-Alcohol
-Smoking
-Caffeine
-Stress
-Anti-inflammatory drugs

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7
Q

Excess acidity in the stomach is potentially harmful

What does gastric juice result in?

A

-Acid indigestion
-Heartburn
-Ulceration

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8
Q

Some drugs work to prevent the production of excess acid

What does the Helicobacter pylori do?

A

Burrows into mucus lining of stomach causing inflammation. This will lead to the loss of mechanism that protect stomach wall from acid so tissue breakdown occurs.

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9
Q

H2-receptor antagonists

When should gastric juice be released?

A

Presence of food and distension, which are regulated by complex mechanisms of the body.

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10
Q

H2-receptor antagonists

Wjhat is the main hormone involved in transmitting chemical messages?

A

Histamine

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11
Q

H2-receptor antagonists

What does histmamine do in the stomach?

A

Stimulates secretion of stomach acid by interacting at receptors known as H2 in the parietal cells.

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12
Q

H2-receptor antagonists

What are H2-receptor antagonists?

A

Drugs that compete with histamine for binding at H2 receptors

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13
Q

H2-receptor antagonists

What is an example of a H2-receptor antagonists?

A

Ranitidine (Zantac)

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14
Q

Proton pump inhibitors

What is pumped at the last step of gastric secretion?

A

H+ ions into lumen of stomach

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15
Q

Proton pump inhibitors

What happens so that there is no charge build up?

A

For each H+ ion pumped, a K+ ion is pumped against concentration gradient so requires energy

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16
Q

Proton pump inhibitors

How is the energy provided for the movement of K+?

A

The hydrolysis of ATP using ATPase or otherwise known gastric proton pump

17
Q

Proton pump inhibitors

What is an example of a proton pump inhibitor?

A

Prilosec (omerprazole)
Nexium (esomeprazole)

18
Q

Antacids are weak bases which neutralize excess acid

What are antacids?

A

Weak bases which neutralize excess acids

19
Q

Antacids are weak bases which neutralize excess acid

What are examples of antacids?

A

-Metal oxides
-Hydroxides
-Carbonates
-Hydrogencarbonates

20
Q

Antacids are weak bases which neutralize excess acid

What does the antacid do?

A

They do not directly heal the lining but allow it to mend

21
Q

Antacids are weak bases which neutralize excess acid

What are the antacids that are metal hydroxides?

A

-Ca(OH)2
-Mg(OH)2
-Al(OH)3

22
Q

Antacids are weak bases which neutralize excess acid

What results in the reaction between metal hydroxide and HCl?

A

Salt+water

23
Q

Antacids are weak bases which neutralize excess acid

What is special about aluminum and magnesium compounds?

A

Aluminum compounds dissolve more slowly and provide longer lasting relief, Magneium dissolves faster

24
Q

Antacids are weak bases which neutralize excess acid

What is special about magnesium and aluminum salts?

A

Aluminum salts constipate the mandem, and magnesium serves as a laxative

25
Q

Antacids are weak bases which neutralize excess acid

What results from the reaction of either a carbonate or hydrogen carbonate?

A

Salt, water, carbn dioxide

26
Q

Antacids are weak bases which neutralize excess acid

What are examples of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates?

A

-NaHCO3
-Na2CO

27
Q

pH and buffering

What do complex buffering systems do?

A

They prevent major fluctuations in pH

28
Q

pH and buffering

What is a buffer made out of?

A

Weak caid and its salt

29
Q

pH and buffering

What are some assumptions made in the use of weak accid and salt?

A

The concentration of the weak acid initially is the same as at equilibrium
The concentration of the salt initially is equal to its anion at equilibrium meaning it has been fully dissocitated

Chemistry Option D (6 decks)

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