Option D6 Flashcards
Green Chemistry
What is the goal of green chemistry?
Reduce the footprint of chemical manufacturing processes while improving product and environmental safety
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
Why are solvents the biggest contributors to the emission of pharmaceutical companies?
Disposal of solvents often involves incineration, which can release toxins into the environment
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
What are the factors that should be assessed for solvent use?
-Toxicity to workers
-Safety of the process
-Harm to the environment
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
What are some examples of preferred solvents?
-Water
-Ethanol
-2-propanol
-Propanone
-Ethyl ethanoate
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
What are examples of undesirable solvents?
-Dicloromethane
-Methanal
-Teterachloromethane
-Diethyl Ether
-Benzene
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
What does the principle of solvent use of Gree Chemistry state?
The use of safer solvents and to avoid the use of auxilaries where possible
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
What are considered to be the safest solvents
Water and supercritical carbon dioxide
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
What does the principle about waste of Green Chemistry state?
To prevent waste
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
What could be a possible solution to the reusing of new solvent?
The recycling of the solvents can substantially cut emissions to air, water ,and soil
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
What is high level waste?
Gives off large amounts of ionizing radiation for a long time. Isotopes have long half lives
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
What is low level waste?
Gives off small amounts of ionizing radiation for a short period of time. Isotopes have short half lives
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
How is low level waste disposed?
First interim storage in sealed containers that are safe, secure, and environmentally sound. The radioactivity should decay in a matter of hours or days, then is disposed by conventional means
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
How is high level waste disposed?
It is more complex as the decay process may emit ionizing radiation and heat. It is usually first stored underwater in reinforced cooling ponds for 5 to 10 years, and transported to heavily shielded structures often burried deep within the earth
Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry
How can innovations in Green Chemistry reduce nuclear waste?
-Extracting enriched uranium from incinerator ash using supercritical carbon dioxide
-Reduce the use of radioactive isotopes in diagnosis by replacing them with colored dyes
Antibiotic Waste: Are We Killing the Cures?
What are super bugs?
Bacteria that carry several resistant genes and cause infections that are extremely difficult to treat
Antibiotic Waste: Are We Killing the Cures?
How does antibiotic resistance arise?
By genetic mutation in bacteria and would account for small population of bacteria,as well as the large scale distribution of antibiotics
Antibiotic Waste: Are We Killing the Cures?
How can antibiotics be found in the environment?
-Antibiotics are given to healthy animals where they pass through waste into the soil then water, so enter human food chain therefore increasing bacteria exposure to antibiotics
-Improper drug disposal. Expired antibiotics are frequently discarded by households and by medical profession, resulting in contamination of drinking water supplies.
Obtaining the Tamiflu Precursor: A Green Chemistry Case Study
What is tamiflu?
An antiviral that may lessen the spread of the flu virus within the body by preventing release of new viral particles from host cells
Obtaining the Tamiflu Precursor: A Green Chemistry Case Study
What is the key precursor of tamiflu?
Shkimic acid
Obtaining the Tamiflu Precursor: A Green Chemistry Case Study
What is the main source of shikimic acid?
Illicium verum
Obtaining the Tamiflu Precursor: A Green Chemistry Case Study
What are some alternative ways of obtaining shikimate
-Production of shikimate from fermentation reactions of genetically modified bacteria
-Harvesting of shikimate from needles of pine trees
-The extraction of shikimate from susoension cultures of Indian sweetgum tree
Green Chemistry Success Stories in the Pharmaceutical Industry
What are some examples of Green Chemistry success stories?
-The production of the drug Viagra by Pfizer uses a modified reaction route that
produces just a quarter of the waste of the original process
-The synthesis of the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen has been altered from a
six-step to a three-step reaction route
-Synthesis of the analgesic drug Lyrica was modified to use a natural reagent of an
enzyme with water as a solvent to reduce the use of non-renewable organic materials
