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Chemistry Option D > Option D6 > Flashcards

Option D6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Green Chemistry

What is the goal of green chemistry?

A

Reduce the footprint of chemical manufacturing processes while improving product and environmental safety

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2
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

Why are solvents the biggest contributors to the emission of pharmaceutical companies?

A

Disposal of solvents often involves incineration, which can release toxins into the environment

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3
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

What are the factors that should be assessed for solvent use?

A

-Toxicity to workers
-Safety of the process
-Harm to the environment

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4
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

What are some examples of preferred solvents?

A

-Water
-Ethanol
-2-propanol
-Propanone
-Ethyl ethanoate

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5
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

What are examples of undesirable solvents?

A

-Dicloromethane
-Methanal
-Teterachloromethane
-Diethyl Ether
-Benzene

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6
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

What does the principle of solvent use of Gree Chemistry state?

A

The use of safer solvents and to avoid the use of auxilaries where possible

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7
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

What are considered to be the safest solvents

A

Water and supercritical carbon dioxide

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8
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

What does the principle about waste of Green Chemistry state?

A

To prevent waste

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9
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

What could be a possible solution to the reusing of new solvent?

A

The recycling of the solvents can substantially cut emissions to air, water ,and soil

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10
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

What is high level waste?

A

Gives off large amounts of ionizing radiation for a long time. Isotopes have long half lives

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11
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

What is low level waste?

A

Gives off small amounts of ionizing radiation for a short period of time. Isotopes have short half lives

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12
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

How is low level waste disposed?

A

First interim storage in sealed containers that are safe, secure, and environmentally sound. The radioactivity should decay in a matter of hours or days, then is disposed by conventional means

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13
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

How is high level waste disposed?

A

It is more complex as the decay process may emit ionizing radiation and heat. It is usually first stored underwater in reinforced cooling ponds for 5 to 10 years, and transported to heavily shielded structures often burried deep within the earth

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14
Q

Solvent Waste: The Major Emission of the Drug Industry

How can innovations in Green Chemistry reduce nuclear waste?

A

-Extracting enriched uranium from incinerator ash using supercritical carbon dioxide
-Reduce the use of radioactive isotopes in diagnosis by replacing them with colored dyes

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15
Q

Antibiotic Waste: Are We Killing the Cures?

What are super bugs?

A

Bacteria that carry several resistant genes and cause infections that are extremely difficult to treat

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16
Q

Antibiotic Waste: Are We Killing the Cures?

How does antibiotic resistance arise?

A

By genetic mutation in bacteria and would account for small population of bacteria,as well as the large scale distribution of antibiotics

17
Q

Antibiotic Waste: Are We Killing the Cures?

How can antibiotics be found in the environment?

A

-Antibiotics are given to healthy animals where they pass through waste into the soil then water, so enter human food chain therefore increasing bacteria exposure to antibiotics
-Improper drug disposal. Expired antibiotics are frequently discarded by households and by medical profession, resulting in contamination of drinking water supplies.

18
Q

Obtaining the Tamiflu Precursor: A Green Chemistry Case Study

What is tamiflu?

A

An antiviral that may lessen the spread of the flu virus within the body by preventing release of new viral particles from host cells

19
Q

Obtaining the Tamiflu Precursor: A Green Chemistry Case Study

What is the key precursor of tamiflu?

A

Shkimic acid

20
Q

Obtaining the Tamiflu Precursor: A Green Chemistry Case Study

What is the main source of shikimic acid?

A

Illicium verum

21
Q

Obtaining the Tamiflu Precursor: A Green Chemistry Case Study

What are some alternative ways of obtaining shikimate

A

-Production of shikimate from fermentation reactions of genetically modified bacteria
-Harvesting of shikimate from needles of pine trees
-The extraction of shikimate from susoension cultures of Indian sweetgum tree

22
Q

Green Chemistry Success Stories in the Pharmaceutical Industry

What are some examples of Green Chemistry success stories?

A

-The production of the drug Viagra by Pfizer uses a modified reaction route that
produces just a quarter of the waste of the original process
-The synthesis of the anti-inflammatory drug ibuprofen has been altered from a
six-step to a three-step reaction route
-Synthesis of the analgesic drug Lyrica was modified to use a natural reagent of an
enzyme with water as a solvent to reduce the use of non-renewable organic materials

Chemistry Option D (6 decks)

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