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Chemistry Option D > Option D5 > Flashcards

Option D5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Viruses: nature’s most successful parasites

What are viruses made of?

A

Protein and Nucleic acid

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2
Q

Viruses: nature’s most successful parasites

What do viruses hijack?

A

The host cell and use it to carry out reproduction

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3
Q

Viruses: nature’s most successful parasites

How do viruses hijack host cell?

A

The host cell’s
components are used in the assembly of new viral particles and in the process the cell
eventually dies, releasing thousands of viral particles into the organism.

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4
Q

The war against viruses

How does the body system respond to viral infections?

A

Production of antibodies

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5
Q

The war against viruses

What do repeated exposure of same infection result in?

A

Immunity

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6
Q

The war against viruses

Why can’t viruses be targeted?

A

They have no cellular structures that antibiotics can target

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7
Q

The war against viruses

Why is the suceptibility of drugs to viruses changed?

A

Multiply and mutate rapidly causing changes in genetic material

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8
Q

The war against viruses

What do vaccines do?

A

Work by stimulating the
body to prepare specific antibodies which can give immunity

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9
Q

The war against viruses

What is the function on antivirals?

A

Interfere in some way with the viral life cycle and so
prevent the release of new viral particles from the cell. Some antivirals work by altering
the cell’s DNA, its genetic material, so that the virus cannot use it to multiply. Others
block enzyme activity within the host cell which prevents the virus from reproducing

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10
Q

The war against viruses

What is an example of a antiviral?

A

Amantadine

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11
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

What is influenza?

A

Common disease

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12
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

What are the symptoms of influenzas

A

-Chills
-Sore throat
-Headache
-Weakness

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13
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

What is the flu caused by?

A

Influenza A and B

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14
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

What is the structure of the Influnza virus?

A

Spherical and contain RNA, and have 2 key specific proteins in their surface

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15
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

A
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16
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

What are the 2 key proteins?

A

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

17
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

What is Hemagglutinin?

A

Glycoprotein that enables the viral particle to dock with host cell

18
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

What is Neuraminidase?

A

An enzyme that catalyzes a cleavage reaction to allow viral particles to escape from host cell

19
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

How does the neuramindase work?

A

It snips sialic acid from surface of host cell

20
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

How does the neuraminidase work?

A

It binds to its substrate sialic acid at the active site, providing a lower activation energy for catalytic reaction

21
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

What is an inhibitor?

A

Chemicals that interfere with binding of substrate and enzyme and have specific shape

22
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

What are the main neuraminidase inhibitors?

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
and zanamivir (Relenza)
are both neuraminidase
inhibitors that prevent
the release of new viral
particles from infected
cells.

23
Q

Flu viruses: a case study in antivirals

How do the inhibitors work?

A

Both drugs have a chemical structure similar to sialic acid
and so are able to bind at the active site in neuraminidase

24
Q

AIDS : a viral pandemic

What causes AIDS?

A

HIV

25
Q

AIDS : a viral pandemic

How is it transmitted?

A

Sexual or parenteral exposure to fluids

26
Q

AIDS : a viral pandemic

What does HIV infect?

A

White blood cell in immune system

27
Q

AIDS : a viral pandemic

What are the white blood cells that are infected?

A

CD4+ T cells

28
Q

What is the action of the HIV?

A

Binds to receptor proteins on surface, then releases RNA into cell and reverse transcriptase synthesizes viral DNA from RNA. This viral DNA will then be integrated cell’s own DNA and will replicate. ANd will release many viral particles when cell dies

29
Q

The fight against HIV infection

What are the reasons to why HIV is challenging to defeat?

A

-Virus destroys helper T cells
-The virus tends to mutate quickly so will esacpe immune response
-Lies dormant within host cells

30
Q

The fight against HIV infection

What are the drugs used for treatment of HIV?

A

ARV

31
Q

The fight against HIV infection

What do ARVs target?

A

-Binding and fusion of the virus to the receptor on the CD4 cell membrane
-Reverse transcription of viral RNA to DNA in the host cell
-integration of viral DNA into the host chromosome
-Release of new viral particles by budding from the host cell surface

32
Q

The fight against HIV

What is an example of ARV?

A

AZT, Zidovudine

33
Q

The fight against HIV

What should be considered when administrating ARVs

A

-Side effects,
-Potency,
-Expense,
-Convenience,
and prevention of transmission must all be weighed

Chemistry Option D (6 decks)

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