Option D

Question 1

Rifting in the Earth

Answer 1

When two plates start to move apart, the land starts to split and tear

Question 2

Shield Volcano

Answer 2

A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually composed almost entirely of fluid lava flows. It is named for its low profile, resembling a warrior’s shield lying on the ground.

Question 3

Composite volcano

Answer 3

Composite volcanoes, also called stratovolcanoes, are cone-shaped volcanoes built from many layers of lava, pumice, ash, and tephra. Because they are built of layers of viscous material, rather than fluid lava, composite volcanoes tend to form tall peaks rather than rounded cones.

Question 4

Cinder volcano

Answer 4

Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano. They are built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone.

Question 5

Primary Hazard

Answer 5

A direct result of the hazard event

- Pyroclastic flow
- Lava flow
- Toxic gasses
- Lahars
- Lateral blasts

Question 6

Secondary Hazard

Answer 6

An alternate result of the hazard event (indirect)

- Respiratory illness
- Fires (forests etc)
- Infectious diseases
- Hazy conditions via ash 
- Landslides
- Tsunamis
- Famine

Question 7

Focus

Answer 7

The place inside the Earth’s crust where the earthquake originates

Question 8

Epicentre

Answer 8

The place on the surface directly above the focus

Question 9

Seismic waves

Answer 9

An elastic wave in the earth produced by an earthquake

Question 10

Mass movement

Answer 10

Bulk movements of soil and rock debris down slopes in response to the pull of gravity, frequently with characteristics of a flow as in debris flows and mudflows

Question 11

shear strength

Answer 11

The internal resistance of the slope

Question 12

shear stress

Answer 12

The forces attempting to pull a mass downslope

Question 13

Vulnerability

Answer 13

How exposed an area is to a disaster

Question 14

Risk

Answer 14

The probability of a hazard event causing harmful consequences (expected losses in terms of deaths, injuries, property damage, economy and environment)

Question 15

Christchurch Earthquake

Answer 15

• Occurred in 2010
  
  • 7.1 on the Richter scale
  • Aftershocks continued into 2012
  • Strongest aftershock was 6.3 on the Richter scale in 2011
  • The aftershock was more destructive and killed 185 people
  • Only 1 fatality in the 2010 earthquake

Question 16

Montserrat (Soufriere Hills) Volcano

Answer 16

• Erupted in 1995 after being dormant for 400 years
  
  • The largest settlement on the island (Plymouth) with a population of 4000 had to be abandoned as it was covered with ash
  • Had a severe impact as Plymouth contained government buildings
  • Increase risk of diseases like cholera due to overcrowding in ‘safe’ zones
  • Many fled the island with the population decreasing from 11,000 to 4,500
    The north of the Island is the only safe area as the volcano is still currently active

Question 17

Haiti Earthquake

Answer 17

• Occurred in 2010
  
  • 7.0 on the Richter scale
  • Aftershocks as strong as 5.9 on the Richter scale
  • 230,000 people killed
  • 250,000 people injured
  • 1,000,000 people homeless or displaced
  • A total of $123.7 million was donated by various countries to help aid Haiti
  • 3 million people needed emergency aid after the earthquake (1/3 of the pop)

Question 18

Mt. Sinabung Volcano

Answer 18

• Located in Indonesia
  
  • Large population surrounding it due to fertile soils
  • Dormant since 1600 but erupted in 2010 and has stayed active since
  • In 2014 it killed approximately 16 people
  • 9,400 houses were destroyed (approx 30,000 people)

Question 19

Nepal Landslide

Answer 19

• Occurred in 2014 and killed 156 people
  
  • Had a length of 1.26 km and was 800 m wide
  • Created a 55 m high dam in the Sunkoshi river
  • Occurred 80km Northeast of the capital (Kathmandu)
  • The mean cost in damages was $26,000 per affected household
  • Occurred due to extreme rainfall which triggers landslides due to excessive soil saturation