Option A

Question 1

Endorheic Rivers

Answer 1

Rivers that drain into inland bodies of water

Question 2

Geology

Answer 2

The type of rock in the drainage basin and how it may affect the way water moves through it

Question 3

Land Use

Answer 3

How the land is used will dramatically affect the drainage basin as if the land is occupied by an urban area the ground will more likely be covered in impermeable substances like tarmac which will reduce infiltration and thus increase groundwater flow

Question 4

Precipitation

Answer 4

Different kinds of precipitation would impact a drainage basin differently. Snow would sit on top of the land without infiltrating it; if the snow melts quickly the volume of the water could create flooding as the ground wouldn’t be able to accommodate the water all at once; increasing overland flow. Slow and steady rainfall would not result in flooding as the water has time to infiltrate the ground however, if there is hard and short rainfall, this would result in flooding

Question 5

Relief

Answer 5

The relief of the land may affect the lag time (time it takes for the water to get to the river)

Question 6

Stream Velocity

Answer 6

How fast the river is flowing

Three main factors that affect it:

- slope (gradient) of the stream
- discharge: amount of water
- channel shape

Question 7

Competence

Answer 7

The maximum size of a material which a river is capable of transporting

Question 8

Capacity

Answer 8

The total load actually transported

Question 9

Entrainement

Answer 9

The the point when material is lifted and transported by the river

Question 10

Hydrograph

Answer 10

A graph that shows the change of the variable over time

Question 11

Drought

Answer 11

A prolonged period of extremely low rainfall - leads to water shortage

Question 12

Wetland

Answer 12

A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric soil.

Question 13

Hydraulic action

Answer 13

the water goes into cracks in the rocks then expands, forcing them apart

Question 14

Solution

Answer 14

the water dissolves the calcium carbonate in the rocks

Question 15

Solution

Answer 15

the water dissolves the calcium carbonate in the rocks

Question 16

Abrasion

Answer 16

the rocks hit against the side of the river bed

Question 17

Attrition

Answer 17

the rocks in the river hit together and become smaller and smoother

Question 18

Traction

Answer 18

larger rocks are dragged along the bottom of the riverbed (high discharge required)

Question 19

Saltation

Answer 19

where the water doesn’t have enough energy to carry material indefinitely (leapfrog effect)

Question 20

Solution

Answer 20

when material has been dissolved into the water (can’t see with the naked eye)

Question 21

Suspension

Answer 21

material floats in the water (may appear brown and muddy)

Question 22

Discharge

Answer 22

Discharge is the quantity of water in the river

Discharge = area x velocity