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Geography > Core 1 > Flashcards

Core 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Most populated areas?

A

Areas by bodies of water - fertile soils, transport, food and work, also more temperate

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2
Q

Population distribution

A

The pattern of where people live

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3
Q

Population density

A

Number of people per km squared: no. of people/area of land

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4
Q

Newly Industrialized Country (NIC)

A

A country where the level of economic development ranks between developed and highly developed e.g Kenya

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5
Q

Less Economically Developed Country (LEDC’s)

A

A low income country with a lack of infrastructure e.g. Bangladesh

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6
Q

Least Developed Countries (LDC’s)

A

The poorest countries in the world; vulnerable to economic fluctuation e.g Yemen

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7
Q

More Economically Developed Countries

A

The richest countries that have developed infrastructure and highly economically developed e.g U.S.A

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8
Q

Recently Industrialized Countries (RIC’s)

A

Developing countries moving towards industrialization e.g. South Africa

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9
Q

BRICS

A

An acronym for five major emerging national economies; Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (becoming more prominent)

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10
Q

MINT’s

A

An acronym for the economies of; Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey

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11
Q

CIVETS

A

An acronym for the countries of;
Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, and South Africa, which in the late 2000s were widely regarded as the next emerging markets economies that would rise quickly during the coming decades.

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12
Q

Next 11

A

N11 countries or the Next 11 countries refers to a group of eleven countries—specifically Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, and Vietnam—which have emerging markets that could potentially become some of the world’s largest economies.

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13
Q

Centrally Planned Economies (CPE’s)

A

Definition – A centrally planned economy is an economy where decisions on what to produce, how to produce, and for whom are taken by the government in a centrally managed bureaucracy.

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14
Q

Oil Rich Countries:

A

Countries that gained their wealth from oil located in their regions

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15
Q

Natural Increase

A

Natural Increase: when the birth rate is higher than the death rate which causes the population to grow over time including migration

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16
Q

Doubling time and how to calculate it

A

The amount of time it takes for a population to double (divide 70 by the annual growth = 70/r)

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17
Q

Population Projection

A

An estimate of the future population structure might look like in regards to size, age, and sex-based on current trends

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18
Q

Population momentum

A

The ratio of the size of the population at that new equilibrium level to the size of the initial population (the population won’t change quickly it happens over generations)

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19
Q

Total fertility rate

A

Number of children born per woman per 1000

20
Q

Dependency ratios

A

The dependency ratio is the number of dependents in a population divided by the number of working-age people (economically active)

dependancy ratio = (x>14 + x<65)/15

21
Q

Ageing ratios

A

Number of people that are 65+ compared to the total population

22
Q

Factors influencing population change: Status of women

A

In places where women are lower down in society, they start families early so they may have more children instead of postponing that in favour of a career which would instead reduce population size.

23
Q

Factors influencing population change:

Education

A

Lack of education like family planning may result in larger families.

24
Q

Factors influencing population change:

Ambition

A

People may put off having a family in favour of furthering their career to try to earn more money which reduces the number of children they have if any.

25
Q

Factors influencing population change:

Location of residence

A

High amounts of crime in areas may put people off having children or, safe areas could encourage people to have more children. Also, areas with smaller living spaces may have an impact on how many children you may have.

26
Q

Factors influencing population change:

Religion

A

Some religions require larger families. If you are prosecuted for being part of a certain religion it might deter some people from bringing children into that. Also, some religions don’t allow contraception which would increase family size. Additionally, some religions partake in abstinence so countries with high amounts of people doing this would decrease the population.

27
Q

Factors influencing population change:

The health of the mother:

A

In areas with poor healthcare, a mother may not make it through childbirth which would reduce the number of children there are per mother as well as the fact that it may deter some women from having children at all as there is a chance that they may not survive the ordeal. In HIC’s birth rate is an option so if the mother’s life is a risk it would reduce the birth rate.

28
Q

Factors influencing population change:

Need to have children

A

Need to have children: In places like LIC’s with poor healthcare the IMR would be quite high so parents would have more children for a higher chance of survival; in poor areas with no measures in places like pensions and retirement plans, parents need lots of children to look after them when they are old.

29
Q

Benefits of the dependency ratio

A

Governments may want to know the dependency ratio because they would want to foresee potential economic issues in the future; for example, if they have an elderly population the economy may struggle in the future and if the country has a young population the country may have a high unemployment rate.

30
Q

What is a megacity

A

A city with 10 million or more people

31
Q

Pull factors of a megacity

A

Better infrastructure like hospitals and schools as well as higher demand for jobs; however not all megacities will be the same for example healthcare in Mumbai might be worse than in New York. Also, some megacities are located in LIC’s which don’t have as developed infrastructure as there may be in a HIC.

32
Q

Consequences of megacity growth

A

There are consequences such as increased pollution from a high amount of vehicles and general human waste as well as a higher crime rate. Additionally, moving to a megacity from a rural area might push you up over the poverty line if you are living in extreme poverty. Also there may be more opportunities in a city compared to rural areas.

33
Q

Migration

A

The movement of people from one permanent home to another (from one country to another)

34
Q

Refugee

A

A person who has been forced to leave their country due to circumstances like, war, famine, persecution or natural disasters

35
Q

Illegal immigrant

A

A person who has migrated to another country illegally i.e. Does not have citizenship or a visa there.

36
Q

Forced migration

A

A general term that can be used in the case of refugees because of factors like war or famine.

37
Q

Voluntary migration

A

Comes from a person’s choice to move instead of being forced to for their encroaching fear of safety.

38
Q

Asylum seeker

A

A person who has left their home country as a political refugee and is seeking asylum in another with a request of guaranteed safety.

39
Q

Internally displaced persons

A

An internally displaced person is someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country’s borders.

40
Q

What is an aging population?

A

A population with a significant portion of its members being elderly

41
Q

Negatives of an aging population

A
  • Burdens on the healthcare system
  • Lack of economically active people
  • Highly dependant
  • Strain on pension funds
  • Lack of military might - affects political power
42
Q

Benefits of an aging population

A
  • Volunteers as teachers or gardeners
  • Free child care (grandparents etc)
  • Contribute to the economy via leisure spending
43
Q

Demographic dividend

A

A demographic dividend is where you have a lot of people in the economically active sector which shows a bulge on a population graph

44
Q

Benefits of a demographic dividend

A

Large number of economically active people - benefits the economy

45
Q

Negatives of a demographic dividend

A

In the future, it will result in an aging population with a high dependency ratio

Geography (7 decks)

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