Option B

Question 1

Define the term personality

Answer 1

“Those relatively stable and enduring aspects of individuals which distinguish them from other people, making them unique but at the same time permit a comparison between individuals”. (Gross, 1992)

Question 2

Bandsura Social learning theory statement

Answer 2

people observe behavior either directly through social interactions with others or indirectly by observing behaviors through media

Question 3

Diagram of Bandsura Social learning theory

Answer 3

demonstration- Attention- Retention- Motor Reproduction- Motivation - matching performance

Question 4

The social learning approach (learning characteristic from other people) 4 steps

Answer 4

Observe- identify - reinforce - copy

Question 5

Four main stages of Bandusra theory

Answer 5

-Attention: learn through observation, you have respect and admiration for the model
-Retention: for modelling to be effective you must retain the observed skills in your memory
- Motor reproduction: you must be physically perform the task you are observing. you need time to practice skill and see how it is performed
- Motivational response: Unless you are motivated you will not go through the first three stages. Motivation is dependant on reinforcement (feedback, praise, sense of achievement)

Question 6

Discuss the interactionist approach to personality
( give equation also)

Answer 6

personalities are developed through a constant interaction between the persona and their environment
Behaviour = Function of personality x Enviroment
B= F (P X E)

Question 7

Define the trait theory

Answer 7

“people are born with established personality characteristics”

Question 8

What are issues with the measurement of personality

Answer 8

1. Biases -Self-reported data may include error due to denial and wanting to be evaluated in a favourable light.
2. Data collection - qualitative therfore Interviews, questionnaires and observing behaviour are more difficult to analyse
3. Ethical issues - Informed consent, confidentiality, use of results and predicting personality can also be problematic.
4. Validity and reliability issues

Question 9

the issue in personality research and sports peformance

Answer 9

1.athletes versus non-athletes: may discourage non-sportspeople from attempting sports that don’t ‘fit’ their personality
2.personality and sport type: if a personality is assigned to a sport, those not demonstrating will be less likely to take up the sport as they do not think that they suit the stereotype of the sport.
3.predicting performance: implications of predicting performance, rather than it be a natural progression and taking into consideration environmental factors

Question 10

Define the term motivation

Answer 10

“the internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour”

Question 11

what is intrinsic motivation theory?

Answer 11

-comes from within (internal factor)
-pride and satisfaction of having a good game
-can come from a need, a desire to learn to swim to survive

Question 11

what is extrinsic motivation theory?

Answer 11

-comes from an outside source (external factor)
-intangible - raise from coaches
-tangible - winning a trophy

Question 11

issues associated with the use of intrinsic and extrinsic motivators in sports and exercise

Answer 11

Intrinsic
-Player may lose interest
-difficult to maintain levels of interest

Extrinsic
-only want to play for material rewards
decreases intrinsic motivation
-want to win, less focus is put on personal improvement
-more likely to avoid difficult competitions

Question 12

Definition of Achievement motivation

Answer 12

“An individual’s drive to achieve success for its own sake”

Question 13

Outline goal orientation theory

Answer 13

refers to how people evaluate/judge their competence and define successful accomplishments. It refers to personal interpretations they have about what achievement means to them within a specific task.

Question 13

Difference between NACH and NAF in atkinson’s model

Answer 13

NACH- welcomes challenges and competition (need to achieve)
example: will be willing to take on tough competitors

NAF- avoid competitive situations (need to avoid failure)
example: will volunteer others as they will be too nervous

Question 14

Definition of Ego-orientated

Answer 14

measure their success based on beating others and being the best (Extrinsic motivation)

Question 15

Definition of Task-orientated

Answer 15

measure their success against themselves, how well they complete a task (personal bests) (Intrinsic motivation)

Question 16

What is the Weiner’s attribution theory

Answer 16

Suggests that one of the differences between high & low achievers is the way in which each group develops attribution about success and failure

Question 17

Locus of causality (Weiner’s attribution theory)

Answer 17

Internal is when you believe the outcome is a response of your ability or effort.
External is when you believe the outcome is a response of task difficulty or luck.

Question 18

Locus of stability (Weiner’s attribution theory)

Answer 18

Is whether you believe the outcome is with stable (same outcome will occur every time) or unstable (outcome will vary)
example: if you win against your opponent six times , likely to think you are gonna win against your opponet

Question 19

Locus of controllability (Weiner’s attribution theory)

Answer 19

Is whether you believe the outcome is controllable (by yourself) or uncontrollable (not by yourself)

Question 20

Definition of learned helplessness (Weiner’s attribution theory)

Answer 20

psychological state that makes people give
up very easily if a task seems difficult. (Failure is inevitable)
- LH can be caused by lack of success, low confidence, bad luck
- believe that success is due to luck and not repeatable

Question 21

Self serving bias (Weiner’s attribution theory)

Answer 21

• reasons for successful performances are internal and attributed to oneself
  -reasons for failure are deflected and assigned to something out of one’s control (i.e, weather, injury)

Question 22

Define the term arousal

Answer 22

Definition an alertness or state of reediness (ranging from deep sleep to intense alertness) of the body for an action
1.It is neutral and can be triggered by both pleasant/positive and unpleasant/negative situations
2. It is how motivated/interested/excited an athlete is prior to and throughout the performance

Question 23

Discuss the emotions that
may influence an athlete’s
performance or experience
in a physical activity.

Answer 23

• positive emotions such as excitement, relief,
  pride = often lead to improved peformance
• negative emotions such as anger, guilt,
  shame, anxiety, boredom= often lead to decreased performance
• specific emotions that have a discrete
  effect on performance

(for example, a negative mood is more likely to prime
us to remember negative memories of
past failures, and thus reduce our feelings
of confidence to perform; similarly, a
positive mood is more likely to prime us to
remember positive previous outcomes, and
increase our confidence to perform).

Question 24

Define the term anxiety

Answer 24

A negative emotion of apprehension and tension (stress)
which includes irrational thoughts, fear of failure,
self-doubt and worry.

Question 25

What is somatic anxiety?

Answer 25

Physical symptom- relates to our perception of our bodily state

example :increased heart rate; increased blood pressure; increased sweating;

Question 26

What is trait (innate) anxiety?

Answer 26

refers to a general level of stress that is a characteristic of an individual; a trait related to personality.

People with a high trait anxiety experience more intense degrees of state anxiety. Trait anxiety describes a personality trait versus a temporary feeling.

Question 26

What is Cognitive anxiety?

Answer 26

Psychological symptom- thoughts and perceptions of worry and negative expectations (mind) about performance, self evaluation/ by others

worry; feeling overwhelmed; inability to make
decisions; inability to concentrate; inability to direct attention appropriately;
narrowing of attention; feeling out of control.

Question 27

What is State (situation) anxiety?

Answer 27

our response to a particular situation

example: in a football game it can be moderate before kick off, lower as the game starts and then high at certain moments (such as when taking a penalty)

Question 28

How is anxiety measured

Answer 28

1. SCAT (sport competition anxiety test)
2. CSAI-2R (competitive state anxiety inventory)

Question 29

what is the definition of stress process

Answer 29

substantial imbalance between the
demand (physical and/or psychological) and
response capability, under conditions where
failure to meet that demand has important
consequences.