Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

phase 3b > Opthalmology > Flashcards

Opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cataract

A

any opacity in the lens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

cataract risk factors

A

age
db
smoking
alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Presentation of cataract

A

blurred vision

unilateral - unnoticed but depth perception affected

bilateral - gradual painless loss of vision ±glare with bright lights, ±monocular diplopia, haloes, faded colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cataracts management

A

mydriatic drops
sunglasses
surgery - phacoemulsification

day case with local anaesthetic

  • incision -> phacoemulsion-> artifical lens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Types of uveitis

A

anterior - iritis

posterior - choroiditis

intermediate - vitrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is subconjunctival haemorrage, who is it common in?

A

harmless pool of blood behind conjunctiva from small bleed

common in elderly women

ask about anti-coags

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Presentation of conjunctivitis

A

itchy, burning, watering eyes

sticky discharge causes eyes to stick

conjunctiva red and inflamed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

conjunctivitis management

A

symptomatic - artificial tears and antihistamines (emedastine)
topical abx used in bacterial to reduce length and transmission risk

Abx if ?sexual, contact lens, immunocomp
(chloramphenicol or fusidic acid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Investigations for red eye

A

Gonioscopy - evalutaed internal drainage system ?glaucoma

Slit lamp - see leucocytes in anterior chamber if iritis

?culture if suspected sexual cause or recurrent unresponsive conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Iritis presentation

A

pain, blurred vision, photophobia, non sticky discharge, red eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

iritis management

A

refer

prednisolone drops to reduce inflam

cyclopentolate - keeps pupils dilated to prevent adhesions between lens and iris and also to relieve spasms of ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Acute closed angle glaucoma presentation

A

onset hours/days

  • blurred vision, haloes
  • painful red eye
  • generally unwell
  • N&V
  • headache
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Management of acute closed angle glaucoma

A

B Blockers triad (supress aqueous production)
-timolol, pilocarpine, IV acetazolamide

Monitor IOP

peripheral iridectomy once IOP under control - removal of piece of iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Episcleritis Presentation

A

Inflammatory nodule

Blue sclera below cone shaped wedge of engored vessels

dull acbe in eyes, tender

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Episcleritis managemtn

A

Symptomatic relief - artificial tears and topical/systemic NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Scleritis presentation

A

constant severe dull ache that bores into eye

painful ocular movements

?headache and photophobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

scleritis management

A

referral

anterior: NSAIDs ± oral pred
posterior: more aggressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ketatitis causes

A

bacterial: pseduomonas aeruginsoa, staph
fungal: aspergillus, candida
viral: HSV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Keratitis presentation

A

PAIN, photophobia, decreased visual acuity

discharge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Keratitis management

A

treat causative organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How would a patient with open angle glaucoma present?

A

asymptomatic until visual fields badly impaired

loss of vision peripherally -> tunnel vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is there a need for screening high risk groups for open angle glaucoma?

A

doesnt present until visual fields are badly impaired

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are high risk groups for open angle glaucoma

A

+ve FH

Diabetic

thyroid eye disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How would you confirm a diagnosis of open angle glaucoma?

A

Tonometry: pressure >21

Central corneal thickness measurement

gonioscopy: ant chambre assessment

Visual fields

Optic nerve

25
Q

Medical management of OAG

A

1) prostaglandin analogues: increase uveoscleral outflow
2) B blockers: decrease production of aqueous
3) Alpha adrenergic agonists: decrease production of aqueous and increase uveoscleral outflow
4) carbonic anhydrase inhibs: decrease aqueous production
5) miotics: decrease resistance to aqueous outflow

26
Q

Examples and SE of prostaglandin analogues

A

latanoprost, travoprost

  • Eyelash growth
  • iris colour change
  • Red eye
27
Q

Examples and SE of B blockers for use in open angle glaucoma

A

Timolol, betaxolol

  • dry eyes
  • corneal anaesthesia
  • *asthmatics *HF
28
Q

Exampes and side effects of alpha adrenergic agonists

A

Dorzolaminde, brimonidine

  • fatigue
  • dyspepsia
29
Q

side effects and examples of miotics

A

pilocarpine

  • decreased acuity
  • brow ache (ciliary muscle spasm)
30
Q

Surgical option for open angle glaucoma

A

trabeculectomy

31
Q

Synonyms for squint

A

strabismus, tropia

32
Q

types of squint

A

esotropia - inward (convergence)

exotropia - outward (divergent)

hypertropia - upwards

hypotropia - downwards

33
Q

How do you diagnose a squint

A

cover test - movement of uncovered (bad) eye to correct fixation when good eye is covered

corneal reflection - reflection from bright light falls asymmetrically on cornea

34
Q

Management of squint

A

glasses

patch/drops(atropine) in good eye to encourage use of bad eye

Operation: resection and recession of rectus muscles

35
Q

What would the eye look like in a 3rd nerve palsy?

A

down and out

36
Q

what woudl the eye look like in a 4th nerve palsy?

A

up

pt might tilt head

37
Q

what would the eye look like in a 6th nerve palsy?

A

diplopia in horizontal plane

medial deviation

eye cant move laterally from horizontal plane

38
Q

What is amblyopia

A

reduction in visual acuity due to problem in focussing in early childhood - brain isnt stimulated to develop correctly

39
Q

list 3 causes of amyblyopia

A

*squint

refractive defects

congential cataracts

40
Q

how would you diagnose amblyopia?

A

snellen chart

lack of red reflex

41
Q

How would you manage amblyopia?

A

strabismus: patch and drops

refractive error: glasses

congential cataracts: surgery

42
Q

Causes of CRAO

A

atherosclerosis

embolism

inflammation

thrombophilic disorders

43
Q

How would a patient with CRAO present?

A

sudden painless unilateral visual loss

44
Q

What would you expect to find on examination of a patient with suspected CRAO

A

pale retina with cherry red spot

afferent pupil defect

?carotid auscultation for bruits, murmers, radial pulse for AF

45
Q

How would you manage a patient with CRAO

A

occular massge with in 100mins of onset

surgical removal of aqueous

acetazolamide (intraocular hypotensive)

46
Q

What long term management would you advise for patient with CRAO

A

opthalmolmic follow up

low vision aid clinic

carotid endarterectomy

DVLA notification

47
Q

How would optic neuritis present?

A

1) unilateral reduced vision
2) eye pain
3) impared colour vision

48
Q

What would you expect to find on examination of a patient with optic neuritis?

A
  • reduced vision
  • decreased pupillary light reaction in affected eye
  • abnormal sensitivity and colour vision
  • papillitis
  • scotoma
49
Q

How would you manage optic neuritis

A

corticosteroids in acute phase

methylprednisolone speeds up visual recovery in acute phase

50
Q

what is drusen?

A

lipid deposit under retina - yellow appearance

51
Q

what are the types of macular degeneration?

A

wet - choroidal neovascularization

dry- geographic atrophy

52
Q

how would wet macula degen present?

A

blurred vision

metamorphopsia

poor night vision

central vision loss

53
Q

what would u find on examination of pt with wet macular degen

A

macular drusen

XS vessels (fluorescein angiography)

haemorrhage

Amsler grid shows waving lines

54
Q

How woudl u manage wet macular degen

A

anti-VEGF injections

55
Q

how would dry macular degen present?

A

gradual visual loss - difficulty reading

central scotoma

56
Q

what would you expect to find OE in dry macular degen

A

macular drusen

retinal pigment epithelium clumping or atrophy

57
Q

how would you manage dry macular degen

A

zinc, vit A/C/E

58
Q
A

phase 3b (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions