Opthalmology

Question 1

Horners

Answer 1

Miosis (Dilator Pupilae)
Anhydrosis
Ptosis

Tumour of the Apex of the lung = Pancoast Tumour

Question 2

Cr.N III palsy

Answer 2

Down (Inferior Oblique) and Out (Medial Rectus)

Question 3

Functions
Aqueous Humour
Vitreous Humour

Answer 3

AH: Equalises Pressure
VH: Cushions the Retina

Question 4

Cr.N IV palsy

Answer 4

Paralysis of the superior oblique muscle
Patient complains of Diplopia
May develop head tilt away from site of lesion

Question 5

Cr.N VI palsy

Answer 5

Paralysis of Lateral Rectus muscle

Affected eye will be adducted

Question 6

Levator Pulpabrae Superioris

Answer 6

Origin Roof of Orbital

Insertion Upper Eyelid

Question 7

All Recti

Answer 7

Origin Tendinous Ring

Insertion Sclera Anteriorly

Question 8

Superior Oblique

Answer 8

Origin Lesser Wing of Sphenoid

Insertion Sclera Posteriorly

Question 9

Acoomodation

Answer 9

Pupil Constricts
Lens Thickens
Eyes Converge

Question 10

Inferior Oblique

Answer 10

Origin Medial part of Orbit Floor

Insertion Sclera Posteriorly

Question 11

Myopia

Answer 11

Bending power of the eye is too strong
LongEyeball
Light reaches a place in front of the retina
Biconcave lenses required
Divergent Squint

Question 12

Astigmatism

Answer 12

Different curvatures in different meridians

Question 13

Opthalmic Artery

Answer 13

Branch of ICA

Question 14

Vit A Deficiency

Answer 14

Bitots Spots

Question 15

Damage to Right Optic Nerve

Answer 15

Right Eye Blindness

Right Anopia

Question 16

Damage to Optic Chiasma

Answer 16

Bitemporal Hemianopia

Pituitary Lesion

Question 17

Damage to Right Optic Tract

Answer 17

Left Homonymous Hemianopia

Question 18

Central Scotoma

Answer 18

Macular Degeneration

Very Opaque one Eye

Question 19

Both Eyes Elevate and Left

Answer 19

Levo-Elevation

Question 20

Both Eyes Elevate and Right

Answer 20

Dextro-Elevation

Question 21

Exotropia

Answer 21

Divergent Squint

Question 22

Essotropia

Answer 22

Convergent Squint

Question 23

Abnormal Pupillary Reflex Causes

Answer 23

Optic Neuritis - MS
Detachment of the Retina
Cr.N III
Glaucoma

Question 24

Open Angle Glaucoma Symptoms

Answer 24

Raised IOP Gradually, Painless
Visual Field Defects
Optic Disc Changes in Ophalmoscopy
Cupping (Thinning outer rim of optic nerve) 
Optic Disc Atrophy
Trabecular Mesh-work Blocked

Question 25

Open Angle Glaucoma Treatment

Answer 25

``` Laser Trabeculoplasty Trabeculectomy Beta Blockers + Carbonic Inhibitors - Increases outflow of Aqueous Humour Prostaglandin Inhibitors - Decrease Production ```

Question 26

Closed Angle Glaucoma Symptoms

Answer 26

``` Abrupt Pain Headache, Nausea Blurry Vision Pupil is Mid Dilated Red Eye Cornea Opaque bc raised IOP drives fluid into cornea ```

Question 27

Closed Angle Glaucoma Treatment

Answer 27

In small eyes (Hypermetropia) - Lens Enlarged against central Iris Iridotomy

Question 28

Symptoms & Signs of Uveitis Inflammation of Iris and Ciliary Body

Answer 28

``` Pain, Red Watering Photophobia Cells in anterior chamber Hypopyon Small irregular pupil ``` Associated With Inflammatory Disorders

Question 29

Uveitis Treatment

Answer 29

Topical steroids | Dilating drops

Question 30

Cataract Symptoms + Causes

Answer 30

``` Gradual opacification of the lens Gradual Loss of vision, Dazzle/glare Diabetes, Old Age, Smoking, Alcohol, Prolonged Corticosteroid Trauma, Infection, Sunlight ```

Question 31

Cataract Treatment

Answer 31

Surgery | Phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implant

Question 32

Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Answer 32

Symptoms: Distorsion Progressive loss of central vision Signs: Distorsion on amsler chart Pigment epithelial changes Dry AMD (90%) - Drusen (yellow extracellular material Depositions) - Atrophy ``` Wet AMD (10%) = Neovascularisation causes Bleeding - Rapid Loss of Vision ```

Question 33

Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Investigations Treatment

Answer 33

Flurescein angiography OCT - Optical Coherence Tomography Intravitreal Antivegf Low vision aids

Question 34

Diabetic Retinopathy Signs Investigations

Answer 34

Microaneurysms Retinal haemorrhages and exudates Neovascularisation (disc/retina) Flurescein angiography, OCT

Question 35

Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment

Answer 35

Intravitreal Antivegf Laser – Panretinal Photocoagulation Low Vision Aids

Question 36

Giant Cell Arteritis

Answer 36

``` Symptoms: Loss of vision Headache Loss of Appetite Scalp tenderness Pain on chewing - Jaw Claudication ``` Signs: Tenderness of superficial temporal arteries Raised infammatory markers Management: High dose systemic steroids

Question 37

Conjunctivitis

Answer 37

Red, Watering Discharge (purulent/watery) No loss of vision unless infection spread to cornea Treatment: Topical antibiotics

Question 38

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

Answer 38

Red, Watering No loss of vision unless infection spread to cornea Discharge (Purulent/Watery) Treatment: Topical antibiotics

Question 39

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Answer 39

``` Itchy, Red Discharge (Mucoid/Watery) Acute Lid swelling Conjunctival swelling ``` Treatment: Topical antihistamine Avoid allergen Mast cell stabilisers

Question 40

Corneal Abration

Answer 40

``` Symptoms & Signs: Pain Watering Blurred vision Epithelial defect ``` Treatment: Topical antibiotics Analgesia

Question 41

Orbital Cellulitis

Answer 41

``` Acute Redness Pain+, Malaise Blurred vision Diplopia Pyrexia Proptosis Reduced eye movement ``` Treatment: IV antibiotics CT Scan Drainage of pus