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Revision Year 2 > Cardio and Resp Revision > Flashcards

Cardio and Resp Revision Flashcards

1
Q

COPD Treatment

A

Short-acting bronchodilators / anticholinergics (block Ach)
Long acting b-agonists (can also be used acutely)
Inhaled steroids when FEV1 < 50%
Aminophylline
Oxygen Therapy

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2
Q

COPD

A

Progressive airflow obstruction 2ry to parenchymal damage.

Breathlessness, cough, sputum, wheeze, crackles

CXR, FBC, ECG
*FEV<80%
*FEV1/FVC <0.7 (Obstructive)
TLC increased since air is trapped in lungs

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3
Q

a1-antitrypsin deficiency

A

controls enzyme breakdown in liver

Autosomal recessive

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4
Q

Asthma

A

Chronic reversible inflammation of airways increased sensitivity to various stimuli leading to variable airway obstruction

RF - Atopy and family history
Triggers: Dust, Emotion, Exercise, Cold, NSAIDs

Symoptoms: Chest tightness, wheeze, cough, dyspnoea, Tachypnoea, Tachycardia, Cyanosis

FBC (Eosinophils), CRP,
*Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
Spirometry

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5
Q

Asthma Treatment

A

Short acting inhaled b-agonist

Low dose steroid inhaler

Long acting b agonist & higher steroid dose inhaler

Higher steroid dose & leukotriene receptor

Oral steroids and immunosupresssants

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6
Q

Steroid Side Effects

A

Osteoporosis, DM, Hypertention

Oral candidiasis, Easy bruising

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7
Q

Pneumonia

A

Incidence Increases in Diabetics, COPD, elderly, alcoholics

Symptoms:
Cough, fever, dyspnoea, tachypnoea, pleuritic pain, myalgia

Signs:
Crepitations, Bronchial breathing, Diarrhoea, Abd Pain

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8
Q

Pneumonia Score

A 
CURB 65
Confusion
Urea >7mmol/L
Respiratory rate >30/min
Systolic BP <90
Diastolic BP <60
Age > 65

CURB 1/2 Admitted >3Urgent

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9
Q

Pneumonia Treatment

A

Mild: Amoxicillin, Clarithromycin

Severe: Co-amoxiclav/3rd generation cephalosporin + erythromycin/clarithromycin

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10
Q

TB Symptoms and Signs

A

Tachypnoea, Cough, Haemoptysis, Lethargy, Weakness, WL, anorexia, night sweets, fever

Crepitations in upper zones, lymphadenopathy

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11
Q

TB Investigations

A

Mantoux
CXR
Sputum microscopy and culture for
AFB (Acid Fast Bacilli)`

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12
Q

Exudate

A 
>35g/L 
Carcinoma
Pneumonia
TB, SLE, Mesothelioma
Pancreatitis
Amiozarone
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13
Q

Transudate

A

<25 g/L protein
HF, PE, Cirrhosis
Hypothyroidism, Hypoalbuminaemia
Peritoneal Dialysis

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14
Q

Pleural Effusion Signs

A

Breathlessness,
Tracheal Deviation
Stony Dull Percussion note
Diminished breath sounds

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15
Q

Pneumothorax RF

A

COPD, Young men, Asthma, Carcinoma, CF, TB
connective tissue disease

Intercostal Drains

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16
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

Aetiology: Pet, Allergen exposure
Amiodarone, Vasculitis, Sarcoidosis, SLE, Lymphoma

Signs: *Cough, SOB, Pleurisy

  • Fine end-inspiration crepitations - IPF*
  • Finger clubbing, WL, fatigue, Hypoxaemia

Investigations: *Calcium and ACE levels

Treatment: Steroids and Azathioprine

17
Q

Pulmonary Sarcoidosis

A

Multisystem Disorder
Accumulation of non-caseating granulomas and T-lymphocytes

Erethyma nodosum and
*Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy (+/- Infiltrates)

Fever, Malaise, WL, Dyspnoea, Cough

18
Q

CF

A

Increased re-absorption of Na and water; increasing the viscosity of airway secretions

19
Q

Pulmonary Embolism Ix

A

D-Dimer
ABG
ECG

V/Q Scan
Doppler USS

20
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension - Cor Pulmonale

A 
Right-sided 4th Heart Sound
RV Heave and Ischaemia - Angina
Tricuspid regurgitation
Peripheral Oedema
Raised JVP
Dyspnoea, Fatigue, Weakness
21
Q

Left Side HF

A

Dyspnoea, Orthopnoea,
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dysonoea,
Fatigue, Lung Crepitations
Pleural Effusion, Cyanosis

22
Q

RIght Side HF

A 
Peripheral Oedema
Abd Distension/Ascites
Hepatomegaly - tender and pulsatile
Hepatojugular reflux
Raised JVP
23
Q

HF Treatment

A

Diuretics
B-Blockers
Digoxin
Glyceryl Nitrate (GTN)

24
Q

Ischaemia

A

Thrombosis
Emboli, Aortic Stenosis - Flow is limited
Anaemia

25
Q

STEMI

A

ST elevation, Q waves evolve

Sudden complete block of coronary artery

26
Q

Atrial Fibrillation S + Rx

A

SOB, Palpitations
Absence of T-waves

RX: Digoxin, B-blockers, Diltiazem - Rate Control

27
Q

Ventricular Tachycardia causes

can degenerate to V Fibrillation - Cardiac arrest

A

IHD, MI, Drug Toxicity, Long QT Syndrome

Chest Pain, Syncope, Palpitations

Revision Year 2 (14 decks)

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