opthalmology Flashcards
constricted pupil+ ptosis
Horners
dilated pupil+ptosis
3rd Nerve palsy
POAG features
loss of peripheral fields (eg nasal fields) proceeding to tunnel vision
optic disc cupping
progressive nature
risk factors: family history black patients myopia hypertension diabetes mellitus
treatment of POAG
1st line: TOPICAL prostaglandin analogues (e.g. Latanoprost)
or beta blockers (Timolol) or Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors (brinzolamide)
if eye drops contraindicated e.g. in some cardiac and pulmonary conditions then laser trabeculoplasty
or
surgery (aqueous shunt or trabeculectomy)
explain laser trabeculoplasty
eg. a laser treatment that alters the structure of the drainage system in the eye to help drain the excess fluid in the eye and help lower the pressure in the eye
what are the features of retinitis pigmentosa
Night blindness is often the first sign
then progressing to tunnel vision
-genetic causes
-loss of peripheral pigment
FUNDUSCOPY shows black bone shape and pigment motteling
treatment of dry AMD
opthalmology referral and assessment within one week
Stop smoking
carotene and vitamin supplements (avoid in smokers as increased risk of lung cancer)
treatment of wet AMD
intra-vitreal VEGF injections
photocoagulation
photodynamic therapy
explain photodynamic therapy
treatment for wet amd
there is an injection into the eye which is the light sensitive medicine
then a laser is shone into the eye which activates the medicine and allows the medicine to block off the unhealthy blood vessels that are growing in the eye and causing the loss of vision, which reduces the swelling and fluid in the eye which is the damaging process these unhealthy blood vessels cause
treatment of acute angle glaucoma
IV Acetalazomide, IV timolol, IV dexamethasone,pilocarpine,iodipine (all immediately)
peripheral iridotomy
treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis
topical chloramphenicol
signs of diabetic eye disease on fundoscopu
- microaneurysms
- blot haemorrhages
- venous looping/beading
- cotton wool spots
- intra retinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMAs)
- hard exudates
Proliferative
- neovascularisation
- may lead to vitreous haemorrhage
Maculopathy
- T2DM>T1DM
hard exudates, blot haemorrhages and microaneurysms in the macular
-location is more serious than severity
what is the likely pathology underlying a homonymous hemianopia?
occipital infarct
primary prevention of ARMD
smoking cessation
CV risk factor control
polyunsaturated fats
vitamins
key risk factors for AMD
Age and Smoking
