Opthalmology Flashcards
What are the symptoms of acute glaucoma?
Symptoms of acute glaucoma may include headache with a painful red eye and misty vision or haloes, and in some cases nausea. Dilated pupil.
How is glaucoma treated?
Let the person lie flat with their face up and head not supported by pillows, as this may relieve some of the pressure on the angle.
Beta blocker - timolol +
Azetozolamide
Pilocarpine
Flat backpack
Suggest the correct treatment for acute gluacoma?
alpha blocker: If the drugs are available, give: pilocarpine eye drops, one drop of 2% in blue eyes or 4% in brown eyes;
acetazolamide 500 mg orally to reduce production of aqueous humour (provided that there are no contraindications);
analgesia; and an
anti-emetic,
angle
What is definitive management for acute glaucoma?
Surgical procedures such as iridotomy, phacoemulsification, or iridoplasty can then be considered.
What are the benign eyelid disorders?
Meibomian cyst (chalazion). See the CKS topic on Meibomian cyst (chalazion) for more information.
Cysts of Moll — arise from blocked apocrine sweat glands on the eyelid margin. They are typically dome-shaped papules or nodules filled with clear fluid.
Cysts of Zeis — arise from blocked sebaceous glands on the eyelid margin. They are typically filled with yellow oily secretions.
How are styes managed?
Advise that a stye is usually self-limiting and rarely causes serious complications.
Apply a warm compress (for example, using a clean flannel that has been rinsed with hot water) to the closed eyelid of the affected eye for 5–10 minutes 2–4 times daily until the stye drains or resolves.
Advise the person not to attempt to puncture the stye.
Advise to avoid using eye makeup or contact lenses until the area has healed.
The NHS information leaflet Stye and the patient information leaflet Stye available on the www.patient.info website may be helpful.
How are meibobum cysts managed?
Suspect a meibomian cyst if there is a firm, painless, localized eyelid swelling that has developed slowly over several weeks. In some cases, the person may report initial discomfort which then resolved.
A meibomian cyst:
Is more commonly found on the upper eyelid.
Is usually 2–8 mm in diameter.
Is most commonly sited away from the lid margin.
Can affect one or both eyes (more than one meibomian cyst may be present).
May rupture through the skin.
What should always be checked with benign eyelid disorders?
Always rule out pre-septal and orbital cellulitus
What are the symptoms of blepharitis?
Burning, itching and/or crusting of the eyelids.
Symptoms are worse in the mornings.
Both eyes are affected.
Recurrent hordeolum.
Contact lens intolerance.
How is blepharitis managed?
warm compress (a clean cloth warmed with hot water) should be applied to closed eyelids for 5–10 minutes once or twice daily
What anaesthesia is used in cataracts surgery?
Offer sub‑Tenon’s or topical (with or without intracameral) anaesthesia for people having cataract surgery.
Symptoms of cataracts
Your vision is cloudy or blurry.
Colors look faded.
You can’t see well at night.
Lamps, sunlight, or headlights seem too bright.
You see a halo around lights.
You see double (this sometimes goes away as the cataract gets bigge
What are the symptoms of CRAO and CRVO and how are they managed?
What are the types of diabetic retinopathy?
Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)
(background/preproliferative)
In the international (AAO) classification, NPDR is graded as:
* Mild
* Moderate
* Severe
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)
NVD - new vessels on disc
NVE - New vessels everywhere
Diabetic maculopathy (DM)
What is Rubeosis iridis?
Rubeosis iridis is a medical condition of the iris of the eye in which new abnormal blood vessels (formed by neovascularization) are found on the surface of the iris.
What is NVD and NVE?
New vessels on disc and new vessels everywhere
What are the structures of the retina?
What are the treatments for diabetic retinopathy?
Diabetes control
Anti-VEGF
Laser photocoagulation
How is anterior uveitis managed?
Steroids and cycloplegics
What are the features of anterior uveitis?
Painful mitotic pupil
Perilimbal injection
Posterior synechiae
Hypopyon
What is Chandler’s classification for orbital cellulitis?
How should the eyes be examined in orbital cellulitis?
What is hyphaemia?
What is an Argyll Robertson pupil?
