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Zero to Finals Medicine > opthalmology > Flashcards

opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is an open angle Glaucoma?

A

Optic nerve damage caused by raised intraocular pressure

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2
Q

What are the componenets of the vitrous chamber?

A

Anterior - Cornea and iris
Posterior chamber- lens and iris

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3
Q

What is the nomral size of the optic disc and cup

A

optic cup is half the size of the optic disk

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4
Q

What is a risk factor for acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

nearsightedness Myopia

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5
Q

How does opan angle glaucoma present?

A

Gradual increase in intraoccular pressure picked up at screening.

headaches, blurred periheral vission, halos around lights

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6
Q

How do you investigated suspected open angle glaucoma?

A

check pressure
fundoscopy
visual field assesment

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7
Q

How do you treat open angle glaucoma?

A

prostaglandin eye drops - latanoprost
betablockers- timololH

reduce pressure below 24mmhg

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8
Q

How does acute angle closure glaucoma present?

A

Hot painful eye
blurred vission
halos around lights
headache, nausea and vomiting
fixed dilated pupil
firm eyeball

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9
Q

How do you manage acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

emergancy opthalmology referal
pilocarpine eye drops
acetazolamide oral

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10
Q

Describe age related macular degeneration?

A

The macula is a concentration of vision cells at the back of your eye. This disease causes degeneration of the effectiveness of those cells resulting in progressive loss of vision. Very common

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11
Q

How do you treat wet macular degenertation?

A

ANTI VEGF

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12
Q

How does macular degeneration present?

A

gradual worseining of central vission field
reduced visual acquity
wavy lines

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13
Q

How do you manage suspected age related macular degeneration?

A

avoid smoking, control bloodpressure

refer to opthalmology

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14
Q

How does diabetic reinopathy present on fundoscopy?

A

blot haemorrhages
Hard exudates
venous beading
neovascularisation
fluffy wool sorts (nerve damage)

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15
Q

What are the two classes of diabetic retinopathy?

A

Proliferative or non proliferative.

e.g new vessle formation or not

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16
Q

How is diabetic retinopathy treated?

A

control blood sugar levels
laser photocoagulation
anti-VEGF

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17
Q

What are cataracts

A

the lens of the eye becomes cloudy and opaque resulting in reduced visual acquity

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18
Q

What will be absent in a catartact?

A

Red light reflex

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19
Q

How is cataract treated and what are the risks?

A

Cataract surgery.
risk that the cataract is masking retinopathy.

Risk of endophalmitis, infllamation of the inner eye.

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20
Q

What causes pupil constriction?

A

parasympathic nerve fibres traveling down the oculomotor nerve using acetylhcholine as a transmitter cause pupil constriction

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21
Q

What causes pupil dilation?

A

dilator muscles stimulated by smypathetic nervous system using adrenalin cause pupil dilation

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22
Q

What are the causes of Mydriasis?

A

Dilated pupils
Oculomotor nerve palsy
Stimulant drugs
anticholinergic drugs
Raised ICP

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23
Q

What causes miosis?

A

Horners syndrome
Opiates
Nicotine
cluster headaches

24
Q

How does a third nerve palsy, oculor motor palsy present?

A

Ptosis
no reactive mydriasis
down and out pupil

25
Q

What is horner syndrome?

A

Ptosis, Miosis, anhydrosis caused by damage to the sympathetic supply to the face.

26
Q

How do you treat Horner syndrome?

A

check for causes
stroke, tumours, trauma, aneurysm, cluster headaches

27
Q

What is the medical name for a dilated pupil?

A

Mydriasis

28
Q

What is the medical name for a constricted pupil?

A

Miosis

29
Q

what is the opposite of miosis

A

mydriasis

30
Q

what is the medical term for loss of sweating

A

Anhidrosis

31
Q

What is the medical term for a dilated pupil

A

Mydriasis

32
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

inflammation of eyelide margins

33
Q

How does blepharitis present?

A

gritty, dry and itchy eyes

34
Q

How do you manage blepharitis?

A

Hot compress and gentle cleaning

35
Q

What is a stye?

A

infection of the glands of Zeis

36
Q

What is a chalzion?

A

infection of meibomian glands

37
Q

What do glands of zeis do and what do meibomian glands do?

A

Glands of zeis - eyelashes
meibomian glands - lipids for the eye

38
Q

What is an entropion and how is it managed?

A

occourns where eyelid turns inwards and lashes scrape agaisnt the eye.

Tape eyelid open and cover
same day referal to opthalmology

39
Q

What is an ectropion?

A

Lashes turning out. Same day referal if risk to sight

40
Q

How do you tell the difference between pre-orbital and orbital cellulitis?

A

CT scan

Orbital cellulitis will have pain on eye movement, vsion changes, abnormal pupil reactions

41
Q

What is the conjuctiva?

A

thin layer of skin whch covers the inside of the eyelids and sclera of the eye

42
Q

How does conjunctivitis present?

A

gritty red eye
normal vision
not painful

43
Q

What is anterior uveitis?

A

inflamation of iris, ciliary body and chorcoid

44
Q

How does anterior uveitis present and how do you treat it?

A

aching red ee
ciliary flush
floaters and flashes
visible white cells
photophobia

immediate opthalmology referral

45
Q

What is episclertitis and how is it managed?

A

imflammation of episclera. Inflammatory disorder

unilateral watery red eye, mild pain

self limiting in 1-4 weeks

46
Q

What is sclertis and how is it managed?

A

inflammation of the full thickness of the sclera.

Severe eye pain
red hot eye
watery
photophobia
reduced visual acquity

Same day opthalmolgy referreal

47
Q

How do you diagnose a corneal abrasion?

A

fluorescine stain under slit lamp

48
Q

How is corneal abstrasion managed?

A

cholramphenicol eye drops
lubricating eye drops

saftey net, re see patient after 1 week

49
Q

How do you investigate herpes keratitis?

A

Slit lamp examination and
corneal swab for PCR

50
Q

How is herpers keratitis treated?

A

aciclover gel

51
Q

How does posterior vitreous detatchment present?

A

Painless floaters and flashing lights

52
Q

What is retinal detatchment?

A

retina sperates from the choroid and fills with blood of vitrous fluid

53
Q

How does retinal detatchment present?

A

sudden peripheral vission loss
flashes and floaters

54
Q

How are retinal tears and vitreous detatchements managed

A

Emergency referral to opthalmologhy

55
Q

How does retinal vein occulsion present?

A

Sudden loss of vision in one eye

56
Q

What does retinal vein occlusion look like on fundoscopy?

A

flame and blot haemorrhages
optic disc oedeoma

57
Q
A

Zero to Finals Medicine (10 decks)

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