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Zero to Finals Medicine > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is Sepsis?

A

large immune response in response to infection which causes systemic inflammation and affects organ function

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2
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulopathy?

A

During sepsis, deposistion of fibrin throughout blood circulation forming clots. This uses up all the platelets and clotting factors leading to thrombocytopenia and bleeding

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3
Q

How do you diagnose septic shock?

A

Systolic <90
Lactate >4mmol/L

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4
Q

What is the sepsis six?

A

Take
blood lactate
blood cultures
urine output

give
oxygen
ABX
IV Fluids

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5
Q

What is the usual sorce of infection in UTI?

A

From faeces or urinary catheters

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6
Q

How do lower urinary tract infections present?

A

Dysuria
frequency
incontinence
suprapubic pain

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7
Q

How does pyelonephritis present?

A

Fever
Loin, suprapubic or back pain
unwell
vomiting
loss of appetite
haematuria

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8
Q

What should you look for on urine dipstick which suggests infection?

A

Nitrites

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9
Q

How do you investigate a UTI?

A

Dipstick looking for nitrites and leaukocytes

then Mid streem urine for cultute and sensitvity testing

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10
Q

What is the most common bacteria involved in UTIs?

A

E.COLI

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11
Q

What are antibiotics of choice for UTI (usually)?

A

Trimethoprim
Nitrofurantoin

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12
Q

How long should patients get antibiotics for in UTIs?

A

3 days for woman
5-10 days for immonosuppresed woman
7 days for men or people with catheters

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13
Q

What do you do if you find a UTI in pregnant woman?

A

if 1st trimester - 7 Days Nitrofurantoin

if 3rd trimester - 7 days Trimethoprim

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14
Q

What are the most common bacteria in a skin or soft tissue infection?

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Group A streptococcus
Group B strep

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15
Q

What is the go to abx in skin or soft tissue infections and why?

A

Flucloxacillin as it treats both staphaureus and streptococal infections

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16
Q

What is the most common cause of bacterial tonsilitis?

A

group A streptococcus

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17
Q

What is the score system for bacterial tonsilits and how do you use it

A

Fever
Tonsillar exudates
No cough
tender anterior cervical nodes

If 3 points then 50% chance its bacterial - give abx

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18
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial tonsilitis?

A

Penicillin V - Phenoxymethypenicillin for 10 days

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19
Q

What should you consider when prescribing abx in bacterial tonsilitis?

A

Consider using a delayed perscription

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20
Q

What is the abx for otitis media?

A

Oral amoxcicillin

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21
Q

What is the treatment for sinusitis?

A

<10 days - nothing
>10 days - 2 weeks high dose nasal spray or penicillin V

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22
Q

What does metronidazole do?

A

Good cover for anaerobic bacteria

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23
Q

What does gentamicin do?

A

kills gram negative bacteria

24
Q

What is the common cause of a septic joint?

A

staphylococcus aureus

25
Q

What are the differntial diagonsis of a septic joint?

A

Gout
pseudogout
reactive arthritis
haemarthrosis

26
Q

How do you manage a septic joint

A

Follow local “hot joint” policy
aspirate joint and culture for abx treatment
check crystal microscopy too

27
Q

How do you investigate suspected influenza?

A

viral nasal and throat swab for PCR

28
Q

How do you treat influenza in someone at risk?

A

oseltamivir oral
zanamivir inhaled

29
Q

What is acute gastritis?

A

inflammation of the stomach

30
Q

How does gastritis present and how does enteritis present?

A

Gastritis = nausea and vomiting
enteritits = diarrohea

31
Q

what are the most common causes of viral gastroenteritis?

A

Rotavirus
Norovirus
Adenovirus

32
Q

How does ecoli 0157 present and what do you need to remember about it

A

it produce shiga toxin which causes cramps, diarrhoea and vomititng

Shiga toxin destroys blood cells causeing haemolytic ureamic syndrome

33
Q

What is improtant to remember about ecoli?

A

Shiga toxin, risk of heamolytic ureamic syndrome. Avoid antibiotics

34
Q

What causes travelers diarrohea?

A

camplyobacter jejuni

35
Q

How does camplyobacter present?

A

After 2-5 days of incubation you get 3-6 days of abdominal cramps, diarrhoea with blood, vomiting and fever

36
Q

What diseases causes haemolytic ureamic syndrome?

A

Ecoli
Shigella

they both produce shiga toxin

37
Q

What is the incubation and symptoms of salmonella ?

A

incubation 1 - 3 days and lasts for 1 week

38
Q

What are the features of bacillus cereus

A

immediated vomiting, followed by diahrroea after 12 hours with full recover in 2 days

39
Q

What are the two immediate vomiting bacteria?

A

bacillus cereus
staphylococcus aureus toxin

40
Q

How do you investigate food poinsing ?

A

stool sample for microscopy, culture and sensitvities

41
Q

What should you advise people with gastroenteritis?

A

plenty fluid
small trial meals
remain off work for 48 hours after symptom resolution
isolate

42
Q

What are the layers of the meingies?

A

Dura matter
arachnoid matter
arachnoid space
pia matter

43
Q

What causes the classic non blanching rash?

A

meningococcal septiceamia

44
Q

What does the meningitis non blanching rash occour?

A

due to disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

45
Q

How does menegitis present in adults?

A

fever
neck stiffness
photophobia
headache
vomiting
altered consciousness

46
Q

When should babies get lumbar punctures?

A

<1 month with fever
<3 monts with fever and unwell
<1 year with unexplained feature

47
Q

What two physical examination techniques can you use in babies with suspected meningitis?

A

Kernig’s test. Straighten leg when riased

Brudzinski’s test lay patient on bed and lift head and neck towards chest

48
Q

How do you treat children with suspected meningitis?

A

If non blanching rash then benzylpenicillin injection immediatly then transfer to hospital

49
Q

How is meningitis treated in the hospital?

A

lumbar puncture with meningococal PCR, viral PCR and culture

then
Ceftriaxone and possible steroids

inform public health

50
Q

Where do you do a lumbar puncture

A

between L3-L4 (line connecting iliac crests)

51
Q

What are the complications of a lumbar puncture?

A

hearing loss
seizure
focal neurological deficiets

52
Q

what are the buzzwords for tuberculosis

A

acid-fastness
Zeihl-Neelsen stain

53
Q

What is the test for TB?

A

Mantoux test (skin injection)

54
Q

Who gets the BCG vaccine?

A

People with TB exposure risk

55
Q

what are the symptoms of tuberculosis?

A

lethargy
night sweats
weight loss
cough

56
Q

How do you managed TB?

A

test contacts
infrom public health
isolate

57
Q
A

Zero to Finals Medicine (10 decks)

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