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5th year blocks > Opthalmology > Flashcards

Opthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

name of visual acuity table?

A

Kettesy table

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2
Q

how to measure the dpt of the eye?

A

automatic Opthalmic refractometer machine

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3
Q

what are focal visual field errors called? and what does that mean?

A

scotomas (blind spots)

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4
Q

Causes of focal visual field loss? (3)

A
  1. Retinal detachment
  2. Optic nerve abnormalities (optic neuritis, papilledema, trauma)
  3. Ischemic or mass injury to the intracranial pathways
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5
Q

name of color vision test?

A

Ishihara test

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6
Q

cause of colorblindness? (2)

A
  1. Inherited, genes responsible are found on the X chromosome, thus, males are more affected.
  2. Physical/chemical injury to eye/optic nerve/brain
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7
Q

most common color blindness?

A

red/green

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8
Q

what to ask the patient in a cardinal vision field test?
and What will they indicate?

A
  1. Pain: inflammation
  2. Double vision: muscle injury
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9
Q

what is amblyopia?

A

childhood vision development disorder causing decreased vision and cannot be corrected optically

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10
Q

what is strabismus?

A

(one of the causes of amblyopia) seen as deviation in eye position

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11
Q

name of screening test for ocular alignment

A

Hirschberg test using a direct light seeing the location of reflection (should be the same in both eyes)

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12
Q

eyes turning in
eyes turning out

A

esotropia
exotropia

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13
Q

is double vision present in childhood?

A

No, in children the brain compensates by shutting down the faulty eye

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14
Q

what can we find with the cover-uncover test in children?

A

hidden strabismus

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15
Q

innerveation by the CN 3?

A

sup. rectus
med. rectus
inf. rectus
inf. oblique

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16
Q

innervation by the CN 6?

A

lat. rectus

17
Q

innervation by the CN 4?

A

sup. oblique

18
Q

what does the superior oblique do?

A

medio-inferior movement

19
Q

what does the inferior oblique do?

A

supero-medial

20
Q

what can be shown with fluorescent staining of the cornea?

A

epithelial damage and corneal rupture

21
Q

what can happen in IOP is high?

A

retinal apoptosis

22
Q

treatment of high IOP?

A

Beta-blockers (timolol)
Acetazolamide
Prostaglandin analogs (latanoprost)
Alpha 2 agonist (brimonidine)
Pilocarpine (raise aqueous humor outflow)

23
Q

what causes the red reflex?

A

choroid

24
Q

causes of abcent RR?

A
  • retinoblastoma
  • retinal detachment
  • melanoma of the eye
  • blood/inflammation in vitreous body
  • corneal injury
  • cataract
25
Q

what is conjunctivitis`

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva

26
Q

causes of conjunctivitis

A
  1. Infectious: bacterial (80%), viral (adenovirus, herpes simplex)
  2. Dry eye
27
Q

what is keratitis?

A

inflammation of the cornea

28
Q

causes of keratitis?

A
  • infectious: bacterial, viral (herpes simplex, zoster), fungal, acanthamoeba
  • injury
  • dry eye symptoms
  • contact lens
  • UV exposure
  • autoimmune
29
Q

what is scleritis?
what is episcleritis?

A

severe, destructive, granulomatous inflammation involving the sclera
(Episcleritis is a benign self-limiting type)

30
Q

what is uveitis?

A

Uvea: iris, ciliary body, choroid
Anterior uveitis: inflammation of the iris or the iris and the ciliary body

31
Q

what is Glaucoma?

A

Glaucoma: progressive, irreversible, potentially blinding optic neuropathy

32
Q

what is an open angle glaucoma?

A

Open-angle: chronic, bilateral, progressive loss of optic nerve fibers, gradual increase of IOP

33
Q

what is papilledema?

A

Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure

34
Q

causes of papilledema?

A
  • medulloblastoma
  • hydrocephalus
  • thrombosis of venous sinuses associated with abducens nerve palsy
  • intracranial hemorrhage
  • inflammation, abscess
  • idiopathic intracranial pressure
35
Q

what is it called when half the visual field is lost?

A

Hemianopia visual field loss

36
Q

what is leukocoria?

A

white pupillary reflex

37
Q

what is ptosis?

A

dropped eyelid

38
Q

what is miosis?

A

constricted pupil

5th year blocks (14 decks)

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