Opthalmology Flashcards
What type of drug is Latanoprost
Prostaglandin analogue
What is the MOA of prostaglandin analogues in open angle glaucoma
Increases uveoscleral outflow
What is first line treatment of open angle glaucoma in a patient with asthma
Latanoprost
What is the MOA of pilocarpine
Muscarinic receptor agonist - causes miosis and increases uveoscleral outflow
What is the MOA of timolol in open angle glaucoma
Reduces aqueous production
what is the MOA of dorzolamide in open angle glaucoma
Reduces aqueous production
What is the MOA of brimonidine in open angle glaucoma
Alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist - reduces aqueous production and increases outflow
What is the most common sign on fundoscopy in dry (early) age related macular degeneration
Drusen
What is the main modifiable RF for age related macular degeneration
Smoking
What pattern of vision loss is seen in age-related macular degeneration
Central vision loss
What causes microaneurysms in diabetic retinopathy
Pericyte dysfunction
What is classed as mild Non proliferative diabetic retinopathy
1 or more microaneurysm
What is classed as severe non proliferative diabetic retinopathy
Blot haemorrhages/microaneurysms in all 4 quadrants, venous bleeding in 2 or more quadrants, IRMA in 1 or more quadrant
Which type of DM is proliferative diabetic retinopathy most common in
T1DM
What is seen on fundoscopy in maculopathy in T2DM
Hard exudates
How often is retinopathy screened for in T2DM
Annually
When is retinopathy screened for in a newly diagnosed T1DM
Annually
What are the congenital causes of optic atrophy
Freidrich’s ataxia, mitochondrial disorders e.g. leber’s optic atrophy, DIDMOAD (Wolfram’s disease)
What are the 3 main causes of optic neuritis
MS, DM, syphilis
What condition of the eye causes unilateral decreased vision over hours/days, poor discrimination of colours, pain worse on eye movement and RAPD
Optic neuritis
Which condition causes loss of visual acuity but no signs on fundoscopy
Retrobulbar neuritis
What ocular sign is present in Paget’s disease
Angioid retinal streaks
What ocular sign is present in acromegaly
Angioid retinal streaks
Which ocular condition causes tunnel vision, night blindness and black bone spicule-shaped pigmentation in peripheral retina
Retinitis pigmentosa
Which ocular condition is associated with Kearns-Sayre syndrome and Alport’s syndrome
Retinitis Pigmentosa
What are the causes of a RAPD
Lesion anterior to optic chiasm: retinal detachment, optic neuritis (e.g. MS)
Which body does the optic nerve synapse with before the midbrain in the afferent pathway of pupillary reflex
Lateral geniculate body
What is the most common cause of ischaemic optic neuropathy in elderly patients
Temporal arteritis
Which transient condition causes vision loss like a curtain coming down vertically
Amaurosis fugax
Which condition shows a cherry red spot over a pale retina on fundoscopy
Central retinal artery occlusion
What does a patient describe in retinal detachment
Flashes of light, floaters
What type of vision is associated with acute angle closure glaucoma
Long-sightedness
What type of vision is associated with open angle glaucoma
Short-sightedness
Which condition is associated with haloes around lights and a painful red eye
Acute angle closure glaucoma
What is the treatment of acute angle closure glaucoma
IV acetazolomide + topical pilocarpine
What pattern of vision loss is seen in open angle glaucoma
Peripheral visual field loss - tunnel vision
What are the systemic causes of cataracts
DM, steroids, congenital rubella, hypocalcaemia, galactosaemia, myotonic dystrophy, Down’s syndrome
What causes a red eye with fixed oval pupil
Anterior uveitis
What are the causes of bilateral ptosis
Myotonic dystrophy, MG, syphilis, congenital
What is the treatment of herpes zoster opthalmicus
Oral antiviral treatment 7-10 days
How is Herpes Simplex Keratitis diagnosed
Fluorescein staining - shows dendritic corneal ulcer
What does band keratopathy show on fundoscopy
Calcium deposition in central cornea
What is the most common eye presentation in rheumatoid arthritis
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
What is the difference between episcleritis and scleritis
Scleritis is painful (both cause erythema)
Which condition is commonly causes by olfactory groove meningioma, leading to optic atrophy and anosmia
Foster-Kennedy’s syndrome
What is the treatment of amaurosis fugax
Treat as TIA - 300mg aspirin
Which condition involving the eye is at increased risk after a recent sinus infection/sinusitis
Orbital cellulitis
What is central scotoma a feature of
Age-related macular degeneration, optic neuritis
What is stage IV on the Keith-Wagener classification of hypertensive retinopathy
Papilloedema
What is stage II on the Keith Wagener classification of hypertensive retinopathy
AV nipping
What opthalmological sign is associated with pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Angioid retinal streaks
Which electrolyte abnormality can cause cataracts
Hypocalcaemia
Which cause of a red eye is a hypopyon associated with
Keratitis
What are the causes of tunnel vision
Papilloedema, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, choroidoretinits, tabes dorsalis, hysteria
What conditions are associated with central retinal vein occlusion
Glaucoma, polycythaemia, hypertension
What are the features of posterior vitreous detachment
Flashes of light in the peripheral field of vision, floaters
What are the features of retinal detachment
Dense shadow that starts peripherally and progresses towards the central vision, ‘curtain’ over the field of vision, straight lines appear curved, central vision loss
What are the features of vitreous haemorrhage
Large bleed - sudden vision loss
Moderate - numerous dark spots
Small - floaters
Which conditions are associated with vitreous haemorrhage
Diabetes, bleeding disorders, anticoagulants
What causes central retinal artery occlusion
Thromboembolism (from atherosclerosis) or arteritis (e.g. temporal arteritis)
What is the definitive management of acute angle closure glaucoma
Laser peripheral iridotomy
What are the causes of RAPD
Lesion of optic nerve or retina
E.g. optic neuritis, retinal detachment
Using the traditional classification, what were the features of background retinopathy
Microaneurysms, blot haemorrhages, hard exudates
What are the acquired causes of optic atrophy
MS, raised ICP, retinitis pigmentosa, ischaemia, smoking, methanol, arsenic, lead, vitamin B deficiencies
Which infectious disease causes corneal opacification and is often passed from mother to child
Chlamydia trachomatis (Trachoma)
What is the treatment of proliferation diabetic retinopathy
Ranibizumab (targets VEGF)
Which inherited eye condition presents with a central scotoma, peripapillary telangiectasias and increased vessel tortuosity
Leber’s optic atrophy
