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Pharmacology Test 2 > Opthalmic > Flashcards

Opthalmic Flashcards

1
Q

Which is preferred for ophthalmic use - topical or systemic? Why?

A

Topical

-increases local concentration and decreases systemic absorption

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2
Q

Why may systemic drugs not reach parts of the eye?

A
  • BBB

- blood is coming from back of eye - can be difficult for the drugs in blood stream to reach front of eye

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3
Q

How many drops, typically, in dogs and cats, should you use with an ophthalmic drug?

A

ONE!

into the conjunctival sac

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4
Q

How many minutes should you wait between eye drops?

A

5 mins

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5
Q

Which ANS branch controls the pupil size more?

A

PSNS

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6
Q

What is the contraction of the iris sphincter muscle called? Which ANS branch mainly controls this?

A
  • miosis

- PSNS

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7
Q

What is the contraction of the iris dilator muscle called? Which ANS branch controls this?

A
  • mydriasis

- SNS

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8
Q

Which ANS branch has more input in aqueous humor production?

A

SNS

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9
Q

2 parasympathomimetic mystics…

which is direct, which is indirect?

A

pilocarpine - direct

phyostigmine - indirect

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10
Q

What is pilocarpine used for?

A

diagnosing PSNS lesions

-lasts 2-6 hours

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11
Q

What is phyostigmine used for?

A

increasing uveoscleral draininage

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12
Q

What are the two main parasympatholytic mydriatics?

A

Atropine (direct acting)

Tropicamide (direct acting)

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13
Q

Which drug can cause cycloplegia?

A

Atropine (blurred vision)

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14
Q

Which has a faster onset and shorter duration: Atropine or Tropicamide?

A

TROPICAMIDE: onset in 15-30 mins, lasts 6-12 hrs

Atropine - onset in 1 hr, lasts 120+ hrs

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15
Q

What is Atropine used for, opthalmically?

A
  • decreasing pain associated with corneal or iris disease (uveitis)
  • break up synechiae in uveitis
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16
Q

T/F. Atropine should be used with primary glaucoma.

A

FALSE! Atropine should NOT be used with primary glaucoma

17
Q

Why do horses panic when given ophthalmic atropine?

A

cycloplegia / blurred vision

18
Q

T/F. Atropine can cause cats to froth at the mouth.

A

True. d/t bitter taste

19
Q

What is Tropicamide used for?

A
  • tdilate pupi for opthalmic/fundic exam

- prevent adhesions after cataract surgery

20
Q

What is phenylephrine? What species does it work best in?

A
  • sympathomimetic mydriatic
  • directly acts on alpha 1 receptors
  • DOGS
21
Q

Which drug can be used to diagnose and treat Horner’s syndrome?

A

Phenylephrine

22
Q

Which category do Timolol, Dorzolamide, Brinzolamide, and Latanoprost fall under?

A

aqueous humor formation and flow

23
Q

What is Cosopt?

A

timolol plus dorzolamide - manages glaucoma in dogs

24
Q

What is timolol used for? Which receptors does it influence?

A
  • decrease aqueous humor formation (glaucoma mgmt and prevention in other eye)
  • nonselective beta antagonist
25
Q

Which drugs are topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?

A

dorzolamide and brinzolamide

26
Q

What is Latanoprost used for? What species?

A

-treating glaucoma and decreasing IOP in DOGS

27
Q

Which ophthalmic drug would you use for emergency management of glaucoma?

A

Latanoprost

28
Q

What are the 3 layers of a tear film?

A

mucin
water
lipid

29
Q

What is Cyclosporine? What does it do?

A
  • lacrimogenic (topical immunomodulator)

- treat canine KCS / dry eye, stimulates tear production

30
Q

Which drug is also referred to as Optimmune and is used to treat canine dry eye?

A

Cyclosporine

31
Q

Which anti-inflammatories should NOT be used with diabetes?

A

Topical glucocorticoids (Dexamethasone and prednisolone)

32
Q

Which anti-inflammatories would you use on the eye if a higher local concentration was desired? (and low systemic concentration)

A

-NSAIDs (topical) - Flurbiprofen, Diciofenac

33
Q

Which ophthalmic antibiotics should NOT be used in CATS?

A

Bacitracin or Polymyxin B (d/t anaphylactic reactions)

34
Q

Which drug is used to treat severe cases of herpes-related keratitis in cats and horses?

A

Gancyclovir

35
Q

Which drug is used to treat fungal keratitis/conjunctivitis?

A

Natamycin

36
Q

What is Proparacaine/Alcaine? What is the MOA of proparacaine?

A
  • topical anesthetic –> anesthesia on ocular surface

- blocks sodium channels to prevent axonal depolarization, decreasing corneal sensation

37
Q

What do you use proparacaine for? What is its onset and duration?

A
  • decrease corneal sensation for diagnostic evalulation / tonometry
  • onset 1 min, duration 10-15 mins

Pharmacology Test 2 (6 decks)

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