Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology Test 2 > Endocrine Drugs > Flashcards

Endocrine Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biologically active thyroid hormone?

A

T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which thyroid hormone comes 100% from the thyroid?

A

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

T/F. T3 comes 100% from the thyroid.

A

False. 20% from thyroid, the rest is converted from T4 at liver, kidney, muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the goal of hypothyroidism treatment?

A

replacement therapy (replace Thyroid hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is levothyroxine a T3 or T4 replacement? Liothyronine?

A

levothyroxine: T4
liothyronine: T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why would you use liothyronine over levothyroxine?

A

when dogs can’t convert T4 to T3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the dosing of levothyroxine?

A

mg/kg BUT mg/m^2 if the patient is over 50lbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T/F. Tyro-tabs are the only vet approved product for hypothyroid tx, but some patients may do better with Soloxine.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some different treatments you could use for a cat with hyperthyroidism?

A
  • radioactive iodine
  • Hill’s I/D diet
  • Methimazole
  • Surgery
  • Iodides
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Should you use Hill’s I/D if your hyperthyroid cat is indoor/outdoor? What about if you have a multi-cat household?

A
  • indoor/outdoor: no because cat could be eating something else outside
  • you can use with multi-cat houses but the other cats must also get 1tbsp of regular food once/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does Methimazole work?

A

stops production of new thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some mild side effects of methimazole? Some major side effects?

A

Mild - GI signs, lethargy, hematology changes

Major - idiosyncratic: facial excoriation, hepatoopathy, bone marrow suppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are routes of administration for methimazole?

A
  • transdermal: pinna of ear

- oral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

____% of calcium is bound to plasma proteins. Only _____ calcium is active.

A
  • 50%

- unbound, ionized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

PTH and Calcitriol (increase/decrease) calcium.

Calcitonin (increases/decreases) calcium.

A
  • increase

- decreases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which species do you think of when you think of hypocalcemia?

A

dairy cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are some causes of hypocalcemia?

A
  • partirient paresis (milk fever)
  • parturient eclampsia in lactating dogs
  • primary hypoparathyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can you use parenterally to treat hypocalcemia? Route of administration?

A
  • Ca gluconate - IV (most common), IM, subQ

- Ca chloride - IV ONLY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are some oral calcium supplements used? What species?

A

calcium carbonate - small animals

calcium proprionate - cattle (food supplement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What can you use for longterm management of hypocalcemia?

A

Calcitriol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some potential side effects of calcium drugs?

A

hypercalcemia, arrhythmias, cardiac arrest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T/F. In hypoglycemia, there is typically too much insulin.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some mechanisms to treat acute/transient hypoglycemia?

A
  • diet (carbs)
  • Dextrose (50% solution), Karo syrup on gums
  • Glucagon (IV)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When using IV dextrose to treat chronic hypoglycemia, the solution should be no more than _____% dextrose.

A

5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

T/F. To treat chronic hypoglycemia, you could use frequent, small high carb meals and corticosteroids.

A

True

prednisone/perdnisolone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which type of diabetes mellitus is not typically found in dogs?

A

type 2

27
Q

Glipizide can be used to treat type ____ diabetes mellitus in _____. It’s route of administration and MOA are…..

A
  • type 2 diabetes in cats
  • oral
  • directly stimulates insulin secretion of beta cells in the pancreas
28
Q

T/F. Detemir is an example of a Sulfonylurea.

A

False. Glipizide is a Sulfonylurea

29
Q

Vet preparation of insulin come in ____IU/mL concetration, while human come in _____IU/mL.

A
  • vet: 40

- human: 100

30
Q

Describe the duration and potency of insulin.

A
  • Duration: short, intermediate, long depending on drug

- Potency: all similar except Detemir (potent in dogs)

31
Q

Regular/crystalline/neutral insulin are examples of ______-acting insulin. (duration)

A

short-acting

32
Q

What do we use Humulin-R for?

A

-hospitilized patients not eating

33
Q

Describe the onset/peak/duration for Humulni-R when given IV compared to when given IM/subQ.

A
  • IV: immediate onset, peak at 0.5-2hrs, lasts 1-4 hours

- IM/subQ - onset in 10-30 minutes, peak at 1-5 hours, lasts 3-10 hours

34
Q

What are the two intermediate-acting insulins we learned about? Route of administration?

A

NPH (Humulin-N)
Vetsulin/Caninsulin
subQ ONLY

35
Q

Why are protamine and zinc added to NPH and Vetsulin?

A

to delay absorption and extend the clinical effect

36
Q

What is the onset. peak, and duration of NPH and Vetsulin?

A
  • intermediate-acting insulins
  • onset: 0.5-2hrs, peak 2-10 hours, lasts 4-24 hours
  • BID
37
Q

What are some examples of long-acting insulin? Route of administration?

A

Protamine Zinc (PZI)
Glargine
Detemir

–> subQ

38
Q

Insulin pens were designed for __________ (insulin drug). They are offered as _____IU pens in ______ increments.

A
  • Vetsulin
  • 8IU, 0.5IU increments
  • 16IU, 1IU increments
39
Q

Which zone of the adrenal cortex produces glucocorticoids? Mineralocorticoids?

A
  • glucocorticoids: zona fasciculata

- mineralocorticoids: zona glomerulosa

40
Q

What is the endogenous glucocorticoid? mineralocorticoid?

A
  • glucocorticoid: cortisol

- mineralocorticoid: aldosterone

41
Q

Which drugs are glucocorticoids?

A

Prednisone/Prednisolone
Dexamethasone
Triamcinolone
Methylprednisolone

42
Q

Which glucocorticoid drug is most potent?

A
  • Dexamethasone
  • 7.5-10x more potent than prednisone
  • 40x more potent than cortisol
43
Q

Why are glucocorticoids typically used?

A

anti-inflammatory

immunosuppression too

44
Q

How are base steroids given? How long do they last in the bloodstream?

A
  • orally
  • Prednisone - 24 hours
  • Dexamethasone >48 hours
45
Q

What are the two main types of excipients added to glucocorticoids?

A

salt esters

insoluble esters

46
Q

Why would you add a salt ester to a steroid?

A

make the steroid soluble and suitable for IV administration

the onset is faster but duration not changed

47
Q

What are the two types of salt esters?

A

Na succinate

Na phosphate

48
Q

What are the three types of insoluble esters?

A

pivalate, acetate, acetonide

49
Q

Why would you add an insoluble ester to a steroid?

A
  • less soluble so takes longer to absorb
  • delayed onset/longer duration (WEEKS TO MONTHS)
  • NOT for IV use
50
Q

What are some side effects associated with short term glucocorticoid use?

A

serious side effects are uncommon

  • will see laboratory changes (neutrophilia, lymphopenia)
  • PU/PD/PP/panting
51
Q

What are some side effects associated with long term glucocorticoid use?

A
  • increases susceptibility to infection/immunosuppression
  • skin changes (thin skin, alopecia)
  • delay wound healing and effect CT
  • Addison signs with withdrawal (iatrogenic Addison’s)
  • pulmonary thromboembolism
  • hypertension
52
Q

Why should you not use glucocorticoids with NSAIDs?

A

can cause GI ulceration and perforation

53
Q

Aldosterone causes ____ excretion and _____ retention.

A

K

Na

54
Q

What are 2 mineralocorticoids?

A

DOCP

Fludrocortisone

55
Q

What are mineralocorticoid drugs used for?

A

sodium retention

56
Q

Which mineralocorticoid is oral and life long?

A

Fludrocortisone

57
Q

Which mineralocorticoid is IM or subQ once every month?

A

DOCP

58
Q

What are animals with Atypical Addison’s deficient in? What do you treat it with

A
  • glucocorticoid (cortisol)

- prednisone

59
Q

What are animals with Typical hypoadrenocorticism deficient in? What do you treat with?

A
  • mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

- prednisone and either fludrocortisone or DOCP

60
Q

When treating Cushing’s disease, which methods could you use to target adrenal gland tissue?

A
  • surgery
  • Mitotane: cytotoxic to adrenal cortical cells of zona fasciculata; start with high dose and lower dose when you get the cortisol production that you want
61
Q

When treating Cushing’s disease, which methods could you use to target production of glucocorticoids by the adrenal cortex?

A
  • Trilostane: inhibits cortisol production, 2x/day forever, narrow therapeutic index
  • Ketoconazole: inhibits ENZYMES in the steroidal synthesis pathway –> risk of hepatic toxicity because it’s very potent
62
Q

When treating Cushing’s disease, which methods could you use to target production of ACTH by the pituitary?

A
  • DOPAMINE AGONISTS
  • Pergolide: equine, suppresses ACTH production
  • Selegiline: canine, inhibits MAO-B which causes an inhibition in the breakdown of dopamine; metabolized to an amphetamine –> isn’t really treating Cushing’s, just making the dog feel better
63
Q

Side effects of giving an animal a lot of glucocorticoid drugs can look like _____________ disease.

A

Cushing’s

Pharmacology Test 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions