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PSYC 442 > Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD) > Flashcards

Oppositional Defiance Disorder (ODD) Flashcards

1
Q

What is normal part of development?

A
  • Children age 2 to 3 experience terrible twos

- add to lessons during puberty

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2
Q

When does problematic behaviour become a serious concern?

A

When excessively uncooperative and hostile behaviour affects daily life

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3
Q

ODD

A

Oppositional defiance disorder

  • ongoing pattern of disobedient, hostile and defiant behaviour towards authority figures
  • A pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behaviour or vindictiveness lasting at least six months
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4
Q

Diagnostic criteria for ODD

A

At least for symptoms of the following

Angry/irritable mood

  1. Often lose his temper
  2. Is often touchy or easily annoyed
  3. Is often angry and resentful

Argumentative/defiant behavior

  1. Often argues with authority figures
  2. Often actively defies or if uses to comply with rules or with request from authority figures
  3. Often deliberately annoys others
  4. Often blames others for his/her mistakes or misbehaviour

Vindictiveness
1. Has been spiteful at least twice

Disturbance in behaviour causes distress in immediate or social life or has other negative impacts of functioning
-not during psychotic, substance use, depressive, or bipolar disorder

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5
Q

Severity of ODD

A

Mild: symptoms within only one setting
Moderate: symptoms are present in two settings
Severe: symptoms are present in three or more settings

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6
Q

ODD statistics

A

1 to 6% of population
AOO: by age 8 years, 13 years the latest
-Most children grow out of it, not clear if exist in adults
-More common amongst boys in early childhood, equal in boys and girls in school aged in preadolescence

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7
Q

Comorbidity of ODD

A 
ADHD
Mood disorders
Personality disorders
SUD
Anxiety disorders

Higher risk to develop other disorders if earlier on set, especially if untreated

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8
Q

ODD versus conduct disorder

A

ODD:

  • less severe chronic miss behavior
  • has earlier on set
  • does not involve aggressivity towards other people or animals
  • does not involve destruction of property
  • does not involve pattern of theft and deceit
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9
Q

Psychological dimension of ODD

A

Difficult temperament:
Negative affect
Lower adaptability

Increase surgency
Decreased level of persistence
Low agreeableness

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10
Q

ODD study summary

A

Aim: examine the association of interpretive understanding (ability to describe a piece of familiar drawing from the dogs perspective) and sympathy (Feel sorry about others being picked on/teased)with ODD symptoms

Children aged 4 to 8
-self report and caregivers report

Those with low interpretive understanding are moderate on the ODD scale
- those with high IU hi on ODD scale if a little sympathy, but low on ODD scale if high sympathy

Sympathy moderates the effects of IU on ODD

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11
Q

Genetic basis of ODD

A

40-60% heredible from twin studies
- higher risk if 1st degree relative has behavioural disorders of SUD

Genotypes in question mixed:

  • Serotonin transporter gene: ODD, AGG behaviour
  • Dopamine receptor gene: ODD, conduct problems

But genome wide study found no sig association between genes and ODD sympt.

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12
Q

Epigenetic effects of ODD

A

Higher global DNA methylation associated with headstrong, but not irritable aspects common in ODD and ADHD

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13
Q

Exposure to neurotoxins and ODD

A

nicotine and paracetamol effect ODD

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14
Q

Neuro volume and ODD

A

lower volume and amygdala, striatum and PFC

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15
Q

Structural brain imaging study and ODD

A

MRI in 11-17 year old boys

  • group 1: ADHD
  • group 2: ADHD, ODD, CD
  • group 3: typical development

Group one had thicker cortex in some areas

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16
Q

Inhibition brain region study and ODD

A

healthy controls vs. children with ODD

  • fMRI and response inhibition task
  • age 10 to 12 years old

ODD group

  • Lower accuracy rateFor inhibited responses
  • Longer stop latency
  • More activation in frontal gyri
17
Q

Social dimension of ODD

A
  • Lower SES
  • Downward social interest hypothesis
  • Negative family dynamics
  • Poor quality childcare, Bidirectional with a difficult temperament
  • Can be neglected or maltreated
18
Q

Social protective factor of ODD

A

Parental warmth

19
Q

Developmental theory of ODD

A

Child’s ability to process thoughts or feelings are limited or delayed

  • Children have impaired inhibition, learning, attention, decision-making
  • Also affects social learning
20
Q

Learning theory of ODD

A

Negative experience such as negative parenting leads to ODD

21
Q

Medication/Biological treatment of ODD

A

Biological mechanisms are unclear

  • Methylphenidate
  • Atomoxetine
  • Risperidone

Medication alone not recommended

22
Q

Methylphenidate

A

A stimulant
Mostly used for ADHD, Used if ODD coexist with ADHD
- Blocks dopamine transportation And norepinephrine transportation
- Lowers the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine which increases their activity

23
Q

Atomoxetine

A

Non-stimulant, Used for ADHD, Used if ODD coexist with ADHD
- Inhibits the re- up to take
orepinephrine- Less abuse potential than stimulants, But lower responsivity andEfficiency and young children is unknown

24
Q

Risperidone

A
  • Antipsychotic, Mostly used for schizophrenia and irritability
  • Block certain dopamine and serotonin receptors
  • Lowers the neurotransmission of dopamine insert
25
Q

Effects of Risperidone and methylphenidate

A 
Study of children with
ADHD and ODD 
- double blind randomized placebo-controlled
-Children 8 to 10 years old
-Eat week assessment
  • G1: MPH + RISP
  • G2: MPH

Significantly lower Oppositional problems by eight week for those taken both, Less hyperactivity, Weight gain, Higher waist circumference

26
Q

Social skills training and ODD

A

Can work on a adaptive problem-solving skills

- Helps prevent alienation from peers

27
Q

Barkley’s Parent training model

A
  • More positive and less frustration

- Uses positive reinforcement of behavior

28
Q

Other important notes for psychotherapy in ODD

A
  • Need to watch for Internet gaming addiction
  • High-risk for relapseAnd development of conduct disorder, Especially if Parenting quality is poor or parents are alcoholics
29
Q

Summary of study looking at a effects of parent training and medication

A

Each 6 to 12 years old, Nine week assessment

G1: Parents training and stimulant
G2: Parent training, stimulant and risperidone

Looked at your don’t with OCD, ADHD, CD And. Aggression symptoms

Greater improvements, Less impairments if medications combine For all groups, Especially ODD

PSYC 442 (7 decks)

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