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PSYC 442 > Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder > Flashcards

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

ADHD

A

Pattern of difficulty staying focused and paying attention,
difficulty controlling behavior, and hyperactivity (over-activity)
- A narrow developmental disorder

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2
Q

Prevailing of ADHD

A
  • The most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder in Canada
  • One of the most common referrals for mental health services in
    childhood
  • 5 to 7% of children, 9 to 15% in North America
  • 4:1 Recio boys to girls
  • 4 to 5%In adults,8% lifetime diagnosis
  • 6:1 male to female
  • Prevailing’s growing throughout years
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3
Q

Persistence of ADHD

A

Persist into adolescence and childhood but presentation will change

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4
Q

Primary characteristics of ADHD

A
  1. Inattention
  2. Hyperactivity
  3. Impulsivity

Build this can all be part of normal development

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5
Q

Inattention

A
  • Cannot sustain focus/Mind wanders
  • Lack of persistence
  • Forgetful
  • Disorganized
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6
Q

Hyperactivity

A
  • constantly moving/fidgeting
  • Restlessness
  • Need for constant activity
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7
Q

Impulsivity

A
  • acting without thinking

- Unable to delay gratification

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8
Q

Diagnostic criteria for inattention

A

At least six of the following for six months

  1. Fails to pay attention for details or makes careless mistakes
  2. Difficulty sustaining attention
  3. Doesn’t seem to listen when spoken directly to
  4. Doesn’t follow through on instructions
  5. Difficulty organizing tasks and activities
  6. Avoid dislikes were reluctant to engage inSustained mental effort
  7. Loses things necessary for tasks
  8. Forgetful in daily activities
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9
Q

Diagnostic criteria for hyperactivity and impulsivity

A

At least six for six months

  1. Fidget or squirms
  2. Leaf seat when remaining seated as expected
  3. Runs or claims one inappropriate
  4. Can’t engage or play quietly
  5. Always on the go
  6. Blurts out answers before questions finished
  7. InterruptsOr insurance on others
  8. Cannot wait their turn
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10
Q

General diagnostic criteria for ADHD

A

Hyperactivity/Impulsivity and or inattention

  • Several symptoms present before 12 years old
  • Symptoms present in two or more settings
  • Symptoms interfere withOr reduce quality of functioning
  • Symptoms not better it’s think I meant to disorder

Note: Five or more symptoms required for older adolescents and adults

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11
Q

Risk of ADHD

A
  • Poor academic performance
  • accidents and injuries
  • Rejection by peers
  • Difficulty establishing a meeting with friendships
  • Low self-esteem
  • Other mental disorders
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12
Q

Come ability of ADHD

A
  • Learning disability
  • ODD
  • CD
  • Depression
  • BD
  • BPD
  • SUD
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13
Q

Positive side of ADHD

A
  • Where creativity and imagination
  • Think outside the box
  • Spontaneous and energetic
  • Care and empathy
  • Humor
  • Tenacity
  • Passion
  • Hyperfocus
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14
Q

Onset of ADHD

A

Six years old

  • Earlier onset more severe
  • Becomes apparentDuring preschool years As a developmental tasks become moreComplex and responsibility increases
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15
Q

Course of ADHD

A
  • chronic, Symptoms persist into adult
  • Hyperactivity/impulsivity can decrease
  • Inattention deficits processed
  • Severity of symptoms manifest depending on Environmental demand
  • Symptom management were common than treatment or recovery
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16
Q

Genetic influences of ADHD

A
  • Highly influenced by genetics
  • Dopamine receptor genes involved
  • Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), Which regulates dopamine and norepinephrine availability
17
Q

Neurotransmitter systems involved in ADHD

A
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Serotonin
  • GABA

Low availability in dopamine and norepinephrineBecause dopamine metabolizes

18
Q

Neurobiological influences of ADHD

A
  • Prefrontal cortex Involved
  • Limbic system/basal ganglia, Responsible for rewards sensitivity, emotions and motivation
  • Cerebellum
19
Q

Executive function in children with ADHD

A

ADHD effects executive functioning

  • Sustained attention and shifting attention
  • Inhibition to distractions or inappropriate behavior
  • Decision making and planning and organizing and time management
  • Working memory
  • Starting and finishing tasks
  • Emotional regulation
20
Q

Environmental influences of ADHD

A
  • Low birth weight
  • Smoking drinking during
    pregnancy
  • Exposure Two pesticides, environmental toxins common food additives, colorings
  • More research needed

For sure an and genetic X

21
Q

Cycle social influences of ADHD

A
  • Maternal stress
  • Parental discord
  • Low structure at home
  • Negative response by parents teachers and peers which contributes to self-esteem and self image
22
Q

Psycho stimulants as treatment for ADHD

A

Uses CNS stimulants
- like Ritalin

  • Stimulants help increase dopamine and norepinephrine Availability and neurotransmission
  • Increase CNS Means more vigilance and and attention and concentration
  • Increases working memory
  • Does not benefit individuals without ADHD
  • 70% of US children diagnosed with ADHD uses psychostimulant
23
Q

Two categories of CNS stimulant

A

Methylphenidate-based
Amphetamine based

  • Usually have comparable effectsBut different action times, Long or short acting

Choosing right one takes trial and error

Both increased dopamine and norepinephrine availability

24
Q

Side effects of ADHD medication

A
  • Insomnia or restlessness
  • Headaches
  • Heart palpitations
  • Irritability and low mood
  • Blunted affect or emotional Lability
  • Appetite Dysregulation
  • Dehydration
  • Potential for abuse
  • Evidence of over prescription
  • Long-term effects not fully understood, Many have effect on growth
25
Q

Behavioral therapy for ADHD

A

Used to improve life areas of functioning as disturbed
- Reduces disruptive behaviors, Improve social skills and time management
-
Tools:
- Defining clear goals
- Uses reinforcement
- Establishes clear routine and schedule at home

Probably better with combination of medication

26
Q

Adult ADHD

A

Over 60% of adult maintain core impairing symptoms

  • But does not suddenly appear in adulthood, Need evidence of symptoms before age 12
  • Symptoms must directly interfere with daily living
27
Q

Main areas of the impairment in adult ADHD

A
  • Work
  • Home
  • Relationships

Mainly problems in executive functioning or adulting

28
Q

Impulsivity in adults

A
  • Making impulsive emotional decisions
  • Impulsive spending
  • Talking at inappropriate times
  • Interrupting others are speaking without think
  • Acting recklessly without considering consequences
29
Q

Hyperactivity in adult ADHD

A
  • Mind racing
  • And ability to relax
  • Craving excitement
  • Trying to do too many things at once
30
Q

ADULT ADHD higher risk for

A
  • Relationship problems
  • Difficulty maintaining relationship
  • Job change or Drop loss
  • Financial difficulties
  • Driving accident and an infraction
  • Problems With justice system
31
Q

comorbidities adult ADHD

A
  • Depression
  • And anxiety
  • Chronic stress or burnout
  • Alcohol drug and abuse
  • Compulsive overeating disorder
  • Gambling problems
32
Q

Adult ADHD diagnosis

A

Typically over several appointments

  • Thorough examination of medical and health history, Parental and family history
  • Thorough examination of potential mental health commoditiesAnd other explanations for symptoms
  • Self-report and parents family friends
33
Q

Barriers to adult ADHD diagnosis

A
  • Hi commodity and resume blends to other disorders
  • Lack of trained physicians
  • Believes about adult ADHD
  • Stigma and self stigma
  • Long waitlist for neuropsychological assessment
34
Q

Adult ADHD and self management

A

Physical exercise

  • increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine
  • increases brain derived neurotrophic factor which helps in neurogenesis and learning

Mindfulness
Helps regulate a tension, stress, impulsive and emotional reactivity and might increase prefrontal cortex while you

sleep & diet important

PSYC 442 (7 decks)

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