Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Flashcards
1
Q
ADHD
A
Pattern of difficulty staying focused and paying attention,
difficulty controlling behavior, and hyperactivity (over-activity)
- A narrow developmental disorder
2
Q
Prevailing of ADHD
A
- The most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder in Canada
- One of the most common referrals for mental health services in
childhood - 5 to 7% of children, 9 to 15% in North America
- 4:1 Recio boys to girls
- 4 to 5%In adults,8% lifetime diagnosis
- 6:1 male to female
- Prevailing’s growing throughout years
3
Q
Persistence of ADHD
A
Persist into adolescence and childhood but presentation will change
4
Q
Primary characteristics of ADHD
A
- Inattention
- Hyperactivity
- Impulsivity
Build this can all be part of normal development
5
Q
Inattention
A
- Cannot sustain focus/Mind wanders
- Lack of persistence
- Forgetful
- Disorganized
6
Q
Hyperactivity
A
- constantly moving/fidgeting
- Restlessness
- Need for constant activity
7
Q
Impulsivity
A
- acting without thinking
- Unable to delay gratification
8
Q
Diagnostic criteria for inattention
A
At least six of the following for six months
- Fails to pay attention for details or makes careless mistakes
- Difficulty sustaining attention
- Doesn’t seem to listen when spoken directly to
- Doesn’t follow through on instructions
- Difficulty organizing tasks and activities
- Avoid dislikes were reluctant to engage inSustained mental effort
- Loses things necessary for tasks
- Forgetful in daily activities
9
Q
Diagnostic criteria for hyperactivity and impulsivity
A
At least six for six months
- Fidget or squirms
- Leaf seat when remaining seated as expected
- Runs or claims one inappropriate
- Can’t engage or play quietly
- Always on the go
- Blurts out answers before questions finished
- InterruptsOr insurance on others
- Cannot wait their turn
10
Q
General diagnostic criteria for ADHD
A
Hyperactivity/Impulsivity and or inattention
- Several symptoms present before 12 years old
- Symptoms present in two or more settings
- Symptoms interfere withOr reduce quality of functioning
- Symptoms not better it’s think I meant to disorder
Note: Five or more symptoms required for older adolescents and adults
11
Q
Risk of ADHD
A
- Poor academic performance
- accidents and injuries
- Rejection by peers
- Difficulty establishing a meeting with friendships
- Low self-esteem
- Other mental disorders
12
Q
Come ability of ADHD
A
- Learning disability
- ODD
- CD
- Depression
- BD
- BPD
- SUD
13
Q
Positive side of ADHD
A
- Where creativity and imagination
- Think outside the box
- Spontaneous and energetic
- Care and empathy
- Humor
- Tenacity
- Passion
- Hyperfocus
14
Q
Onset of ADHD
A
Six years old
- Earlier onset more severe
- Becomes apparentDuring preschool years As a developmental tasks become moreComplex and responsibility increases
15
Q
Course of ADHD
A
- chronic, Symptoms persist into adult
- Hyperactivity/impulsivity can decrease
- Inattention deficits processed
- Severity of symptoms manifest depending on Environmental demand
- Symptom management were common than treatment or recovery
16
Q
Genetic influences of ADHD
A
- Highly influenced by genetics
- Dopamine receptor genes involved
- Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), Which regulates dopamine and norepinephrine availability
17
Q
Neurotransmitter systems involved in ADHD
A
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
- Serotonin
- GABA
Low availability in dopamine and norepinephrineBecause dopamine metabolizes
18
Q
Neurobiological influences of ADHD
A
- Prefrontal cortex Involved
- Limbic system/basal ganglia, Responsible for rewards sensitivity, emotions and motivation
- Cerebellum
19
Q
Executive function in children with ADHD
A
ADHD effects executive functioning
- Sustained attention and shifting attention
- Inhibition to distractions or inappropriate behavior
- Decision making and planning and organizing and time management
- Working memory
- Starting and finishing tasks
- Emotional regulation
20
Q
Environmental influences of ADHD
A
- Low birth weight
- Smoking drinking during
pregnancy - Exposure Two pesticides, environmental toxins common food additives, colorings
- More research needed
For sure an and genetic X
21
Q
Cycle social influences of ADHD
A
- Maternal stress
- Parental discord
- Low structure at home
- Negative response by parents teachers and peers which contributes to self-esteem and self image
22
Q
Psycho stimulants as treatment for ADHD
A
Uses CNS stimulants
- like Ritalin
- Stimulants help increase dopamine and norepinephrine Availability and neurotransmission
- Increase CNS Means more vigilance and and attention and concentration
- Increases working memory
- Does not benefit individuals without ADHD
- 70% of US children diagnosed with ADHD uses psychostimulant
23
Q
Two categories of CNS stimulant
A
Methylphenidate-based
Amphetamine based
- Usually have comparable effectsBut different action times, Long or short acting
Choosing right one takes trial and error
Both increased dopamine and norepinephrine availability
24
Q
Side effects of ADHD medication
A
- Insomnia or restlessness
- Headaches
- Heart palpitations
- Irritability and low mood
- Blunted affect or emotional Lability
- Appetite Dysregulation
- Dehydration
- Potential for abuse
- Evidence of over prescription
- Long-term effects not fully understood, Many have effect on growth
25
Behavioral therapy for ADHD
Used to improve life areas of functioning as disturbed
- Reduces disruptive behaviors, Improve social skills and time management
-
Tools:
- Defining clear goals
- Uses reinforcement
- Establishes clear routine and schedule at home
Probably better with combination of medication
26
Adult ADHD
Over 60% of adult maintain core impairing symptoms
- But does not suddenly appear in adulthood, Need evidence of symptoms before age 12
- Symptoms must directly interfere with daily living
27
Main areas of the impairment in adult ADHD
- Work
- Home
- Relationships
Mainly problems in executive functioning or adulting
28
Impulsivity in adults
- Making impulsive emotional decisions
- Impulsive spending
- Talking at inappropriate times
- Interrupting others are speaking without think
- Acting recklessly without considering consequences
29
Hyperactivity in adult ADHD
- Mind racing
- And ability to relax
- Craving excitement
- Trying to do too many things at once
30
ADULT ADHD higher risk for
- Relationship problems
- Difficulty maintaining relationship
- Job change or Drop loss
- Financial difficulties
- Driving accident and an infraction
- Problems With justice system
31
comorbidities adult ADHD
- Depression
- And anxiety
- Chronic stress or burnout
- Alcohol drug and abuse
- Compulsive overeating disorder
- Gambling problems
32
Adult ADHD diagnosis
Typically over several appointments
- Thorough examination of medical and health history, Parental and family history
- Thorough examination of potential mental health commoditiesAnd other explanations for symptoms
- Self-report and parents family friends
33
Barriers to adult ADHD diagnosis
- Hi commodity and resume blends to other disorders
- Lack of trained physicians
- Believes about adult ADHD
- Stigma and self stigma
- Long waitlist for neuropsychological assessment
34
Adult ADHD and self management
Physical exercise
- increased levels of dopamine and norepinephrine
- increases brain derived neurotrophic factor which helps in neurogenesis and learning
Mindfulness
Helps regulate a tension, stress, impulsive and emotional reactivity and might increase prefrontal cortex while you
sleep & diet important
