Opposition to Nazism Flashcards

1
Q

when was the july bomb plot?

A

20 July 1944

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2
Q

what was the army’s opposition to the nazis?

A
  • very limited
  • some disillusioned officers joined groups
  • July Plot
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3
Q

what was the July Plot?

A

led Claus Von Stauffenburg, involving senior German military officials

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4
Q

what was the impact of the july plot?

A
  • Stauffenberg was shot the same day
  • 5,000 people were executed in the crackdown on opposition that followed
  • great German general Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was implicated and forced to commit suicide as punishment for his involvement.
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5
Q

what was protestant’s opposition to the nazis?

A
  • Neimoller Confessional church (‘we must obey god rather than man’)
  • bonhoffer believed it was duty to help jews and was linked to assassination attempt
  • didnt want to be nazified
  • many protestant votes for nazis in 1932 and mar 1933
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6
Q

what was catholic’s opposition to nazis?

A
  • 1937 Pope ‘with burning anxiety’ (criticised hitler as a ‘mad prophet with repulsive arrogance’)
  • archbishop galen of munster (protested against persecution of the chruch and euthanasia of mentally disabled)
  • 400 priests imprisoned in dachau
  • moral opposition to nazism
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7
Q

what points could the catholics and nazis have agreed on?

A
  • anti semitism
  • contraception
  • communism (which said religion was ‘the opium of the masses’)
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8
Q

what was the kreisau circle?

A

~25 people, mostly men and a few women (wives) from a variety of backgrounds (noble descent, protestant, catholic, professionals, socialists, conservatives) with strong links to army (some current/former army generals)

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8
Q

why did religious opposition to the nazis fail?

A
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9
Q

who led the kreisau circle?

A

Moltke

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10
Q

when was Moltke arrested?

A

January 1944

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11
Q

how did the kreisau circle oppose hitler?

A
  • on moral and religious grounds
  • didn’t promote violent rebellion
  • held secret meetings to discuss reorganisation of gvt after end of 3rd reich
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12
Q

how did the kreisau circle end?

A

most members arrested after july plot

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13
Q

what was the red orchestra?

A

~400 people connected through personal contacts and spread across germany, france, holland, switzerland who worked closely with french communist party and were united regardless of beleifs or faith

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14
Q

what did the red orchestra do?

A
  • turned germans against hitler
  • secretly distributed anti-nazi leaflets
  • brought news of regime’s crimes and nazi war plans to allies
  • wrote letters to prominent figures (eg uni professors)
  • collected photographs and documents to eventually bring perpetrators to justice, when nazis defated
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15
Q

who were the Edelweiss Pirates?

A

a largely localised loose network of working class gangs (some wore recognisable badges)

16
Q

what did the edelweiss pirates do?

A
  • held unauthorised meetings and engaged in street fights esp with hitler youth
  • used symbols of outlawed german youth movement
  • assisted deserters
  • collected allied propaganda dropped from planes and put in letterboxes
  • went on hiking and camping trips
  • generally stayed apolitical and were neither pro-british, nor pro-american
  • after allies took control of some parts of germany, they looted and assassinated gestapo members
17
Q

what happened on the 25th October, 1944, about the Edelweiss Pirates?

A

Himmler clamped down and 13 ppl (6 of which were active members) were publicly hanged

18
Q

when was the White Rose formed?

A

1943 by students of Munich university

19
Q

what did the White Rose do?

A
  • wrote and distributed anti-nazi leaflets
  • led protest marches
  • many supporters
  • non-violent, intellectual resistance
  • links to other youth groups - ie students in ulm
  • wrote graffiti (‘down with hitler’ ‘freedom’)
20
Q

who led the White Rose?

A

5 students and 1 professor (hans and sophie scholl)

21
Q

who were the Meuten?

A

anti-nazi gangs based in leipzig which aimed to destroy nazi control and had links to SPD and KPD underground
- working class and used socialist and communist ideology
- more politically driven than edelweiss pirates
- attacked by nazis

22
Q

how many members did the Meuten have?

A

over 1000

23
Q

who were the Swing Kids and Jazz Youth?

A

a youth movement started hamburg 1939 who had some contacts with white rose and some were working class but mostly middle to upper class students

24
Q

when did the Swing Kids and Jazz Youth begin?

A

1939, Hamburg

25
Q

what did the Swing Kids and Jazz Youth do?

A
  • challenged hitler youth and nazi view of youth by growing hair, wearing fashionable clothes, drinking
  • secret dance halls
  • anglophiles - also admired ‘american way of life’
  • started as self-indulgent
  • mainly (originally) apolitical
  • preference for speaking english
26
Q

how did the Nazis respond to the Swing Kids and Jazz Youth?

A

over 300 arrested and many sent to conc camps