OPP 2 Exam #2 Flashcards
1
Q
Superior Pubic Shear
A
Ipsilateral inguinal ligament tense and tender
2
Q
Inferior Pubic Shear
A
Ipsilateral inguinal ligament tense and tender
3
Q
Transverse axis Superior
A
the cranial primary respiratory mechanism creates motion around this axis
4
Q
Transverse axis Middle
A
sacral base anterior and posterior (FB/BB) occur around this axis
5
Q
Transverse axis Inferior
A
the innominates rotate around this axis
6
Q
Lumbosacral Spring Test (neg/pos)
A
MOVEMENT (Good thing)
Negative test
NO MOVEMENT (Bad thing) Positive test
7
Q
Positive Lumbosacral Spring Test
A
NO springing allowed
Non-neutral condition ROL or LOR
b/l sacral extension
unilateral sacral extension
8
Q
Negative Lumbosacral Spring Test
A
springing allowed Neutral condition ROR LOL b/l sacral flexion unilateral sacral flexion no sacral somatic dysfunction
9
Q
positive Sphinx test
A
If part of the sacral base is posterior, it will resist moving anterior with lumbar extension and thumbs will appear more asymmetric
10
Q
negative Sphinx test
A
If part of the sacral base is anterior, it will move more anterior with lumbar extension and thumbs will appear more symmetric
11
Q
Sacral Torsion Rules
A
L5 Side-bends Towards the Oblique Axis
L5 Rotates Opposite of Sacral Rotation
12
Q
Seated Flexion Test +R
A
LOL
ROL
RUF
RUE
13
Q
Seated Flexion Test +L
A
ROR
LOR
LUF
LUE
14
Q
Seated Flexion Test even
A
B/L Sacral Flexion
B/L Sacral Extension
15
Q
Lumbosacral Spring Test Pos.
A
LOR
ROL
UE
B/LSacral Extension
16
Q
Lumbosacral Spring Test Neg.
A
LOL
ROR
UF
B/L Sacral Flexion
17
Q
Sphinx Test Pos.
A
LOR
ROL
UE
18
Q
Sphinx Test Neg
A
LOL ROR UF B/L Sacral Extension B/L Sacral Flexion
19
Q
Forward Sacral Torsion
A
Neutral
LOL and ROR
L5 Neutral Mechanics
20
Q
Backward Sacral Torsion
A
Non-neutral
LOR and ROL
L5 Non-neutral Mechanics
21
Q
Unilateral Sacral Flexion: ME
A
Treatment Position: Prone
Place your left hypothenar eminence on patient’s right ILA
Ask patient to inhale and hold breath, while you push anterior and superior on the ILA
22
Q
Unilateral Sacral Extension: ME
A
Treatment Position: Prone
Place your left hypothenar eminence on the patient’s right sacral sulcus
Ask the patient to exhale and hold breath, while you push anterior and caudad on the superior sulcus
23
Q
T10 – T11 (gang nerver and organs)
A
Superior Mesenteric Ganglion: Lesser Splanchnic Nerve
-Kidney, Upper Ureter, Gonads
24
Q
T12 – L2 (gang nerver and organs)
A
Inferior Mesenteric Ganglion: Least and Lumbar Splanchnic Nerves
-Prostate, Lower Ureter, Bladder
25
Bladder sympathetic level
T12 – L2
26
Parasympathetic Levels Vagus Nerve
OA, AA, C2
| kidneys, proximal ureter
27
Parasympathetic Levels
S2-S4
| distal ureter, bladder, reproductive organs, and external genitalia
28
Goal of ME in innominate somatic dysfunction treatment is to
restore joint motion
29
starts by classifying study participants as either diseased (cases) or nondiseased (controls), and then looking backward in time for the presence or absence of suspected risk factors
START WITH OUTCOME THEN LOOK FOR EXPOSURE
case-control study
30
classifies study participants as either having or not having a given risk factor, and then follows them forward in time to assess the incidence (disease onset) of one or more disease conditions
FOLLOWING OVER TIME
START WITH EXPOSURE AND SEE IF IT CAUSES DISEASE
cohort study
31
is an interventional study in which all study participants receive the treatment being tested, but at different times. The central idea is to leave no untreated study participants. Said differently, the treatment and control groups are switched at some predetermined point in the study
crossover study
32
assesses the prevalence of a disease in a defined population. The numbers of people with the disease are first counted. Then, factors that are more common in the diseased than the nondiseased are identified based on the current characteristics of the study participants
SPECIFIC PIONT IN TIME
cross-sectional study
33
participants in the study are randomly allocated into either an "intervention" or a "control" group to receive or not receive an experimental preventive or therapeutic procedure or intervention. In RCTs, there are two types of control groups: placebos (patient receives no medication) and standard of care (patient receives currently approved medication)
randomized controlled trial
34
objective study of a clinical characteristic or outcome from a group of clinical subjects
case series study
35
Selection bias
a
36
Systematic differences between groups in exposure, or care, or inclusion of other factors besides interventions of interest (confounding variables)
-researcher giving more attention to participant who was given the drug than the control
Performance bias
37
Systematic differences between groups in how outcomes are determined
-obese men are harder to biopsy for prostate cancer, therefore obesity and prostate cancer may be underestimated
Detection bias
38
Systematic differences between groups in withdrawals from study
-loss of participants
Attrition bias
39
Systematic differences between reported and unreported findings
-selective revealing or suppression of information (statistical significant publication is more likely to be published than a non statistical significant publication)
Reporting bias
40
Study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states within a population, and the application of this study to the control of disease and other health problems
Epidemiology
41
False negative rate equation
1 - sensitivity
42
False positive rate equation
1 - specificity
43
increase sensitivity
Inc negative prediction test
dec false negative rate
dec specificity
44
increase specificity
Inc positive prediction test
dec false positive rate
dec sensitivity
45
sensitivity
Probability of correctly identifying diseased person
46
specificity
Probability of identifying disease free person
47
Positive prediction value
Probability of disease in a person who gets a positive result
48
Negative prediction value
Probability of no disease in a person who gets a negative result
49
Incidence (specify and equation)
- Only new case of the disease that occurred during a specific period (ACUTE)
- (# of new events in a specific Period / # of persons “exposed to risk” of becoming new cases during this specific period)
50
Prevalence Rate (specify and equation)
- Proportion of People in a population who have a particular disease at a specified point in time, or over a specified period of time (CHRONIC)
- All Cases of a Disease at a given point/ period (old and new) / Total Population “at risk” for being cases at given point/period
51
Point Prevalence vs period prevalence
Point Prevalence: prevalence at a specified point (specific period of time) a date
Period Prevalence: prevalence at a specified period (range of time) a month
52
Morbidity Rate
number with disease / total population
53
Mortality Rate
Number of deaths due to a disease / total population
54
Relationship Between Incidence and Prevalence
Prevalence = Incidence x Duration
- Direct correlation: inc incidence inc prevalence, inc duration inc prevelance
- Prevalence Pot: new + old
- Death or recovery reduces prevalence pot
55
prevalence declines
- sensitivity and specificity are unchanged
| - increase negative predictive value (NPV) and decrease positive predictive value (PPV)
56
BUN/Cr ratio greater than 20:1
dehydration and prerenal condition
57
antinuclear anitbody
lupus
58
yellow penile discharge
gonorrhea
59
white penile discharge
chlamydia
60
What condition causes palpable, hard plaques beneath the skin along the dorsum of the penis, and leads to crooked, painful erection?
Peyronie disease
61
DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) vs IDC (invasive ductal carcinoma)
DCIS: contained in the milk duct
IDC: invade surrounding tissue
62
three main categories of benign breast disease and ages
1. Non proliferative - simple breast cyst (30-50)
2. Proliferative without atypia - fibroadenomas (15-35)
3. Atypical hyperplasia - Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) and atypical lobular hyperplasia (ALH)
63
represents 80% of all breast cancers; begins growing in a milk duct and has invaded the fibrous or fatty tissue of the breast outside of the duct
Invasive intraductal carcinoma
64
cancer cells have broken out of the lobule where they began and have the potential to spread to the lymph nodes and other areas of the body
Lobular carcinoma
65
rare form of breast cancer in which cancer cells collect in or around the nipple; affects the ducts of the nipple first, then spreads to the nipple surface and the areola
Paget’s disease of the nipple
66
a rate type of breast cancer that develops rapidly, making the affected breast red, swollen, and tender; peau d’orange appearance
Inflammatory breast cancer
67
“triple negative” breast cancer
- Estrogen Receptors are negative (ER-)
- Progesterone Receptors are negative (PR-)
- Human Epidermal Growth Factor is negative (HER2-).
68
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome (LFS
is an inherited familial predisposition to a wide range of certain, often rare, cancers. This is due to a mutation in TP53.
69
Phyllodes tumors
are rare breast tumors that start in the connective (stromal) tissue of the breast; most common in women in their 40s. Women with LFS have an increased risk for phyllodes tumor. Most phyllodes tumors are benign, but about 1 out of 4 of these tumors are malignant
70
Example: A researcher conducts a study to determine whether children given red pencils learn math better than children given yellow pencils. Students at School A receive red pencils for a semester, those at school B receive yellow pencils.
Quasi-Experimental Designs
71
Recall bias
history of what they can remember that may have nothing to do with the issue
72
muscles of the hamstring
Semitendinosus.
Semimembranosus.
Biceps femoris.
73
muscle of the quads
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
rectus femoris
74
left sided heart failure
aortic valve stenosis
75
right sided heart failure
pulmonary valve stenosis
76
cyanotic CHD causes
increase volume load and pressure load
77
Cyanotic congenital heart defects 3
1. Obstruction of the right ventricular outflow
2. intracardiac admixture of pulmonary venous oxygenated blood and systemic venous return
3. Persistence of fetal pathway (hypertension)
78
There are 3 major components for the evaluation of CHD
1. low Pulse OX
2. increased, normal or decreased pulmonary vascular markings on CXR
3. right, left or biventricular hypertrophy as determined by EKG
79
Wegener’s granulomatosis
a rare disease (of uncertain cause) that is characterized by inflammation in various tissues, including blood vessels but primarily parts of the respiratory tract and the kidneys
80
rhabdomyolysis
a serious syndrome due to a direct or indirect muscle injury. It results from the death of muscle fibers and release of their contents into the bloodstream. It causes muscle pain that may indicate the presence of renal disease. This means the kidneys cannot remove waste and concentrated urine
81
polycystic kidney disease
autosomal dominant
82
Wilm's tumor
Age: 3-4 none after 5
| nephroblastoma
83
indirect hernia
lateral
84
direct hernia
medial
85
crooked painful erection
peyronie disease
86
phimosis
paraphimosis
hypospadius
phimosis: cant retract foreskin
paraphimosis: retracted foreskin cant be returned
hypospadius: underside of penis
87
genital warts
small scattered group vesicles
painless erosions
painful ulcers
genital warts: HPV
small scattered group vesicles: herpes
painless erosions: syphillis
painful ulcers: chanacroid
88
breast cancer metastasize to
axillary lymph node and to bones
