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PSYC 345A - Midterm #3 > Opioids - Opioids > Flashcards

Opioids - Opioids Flashcards

1
Q

Where does opium come from?

A

it is sap derived from the poppy

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2
Q

What is the difference between an analgesic vs narcotic opium drug?

A 
analgesic = pain relief
narcotic = opium-based
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3
Q 
What drug types fall under the following categories?
Endogenous -
Alkaloids - 
Semisynthetic - 
Synthetic -
A

Endogenous - endorphins

Alkaloids - morphine, codeine

Semisynthetic - oxycodone, heroin

Synthetic - methadone, fentanyl

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4
Q

_____: occurring within

_____: directly extracted

______: derivative compounds

_____: structurally different

A

Endogenous
Alkaloids
Semisynthetic
Synthetic

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5
Q

Opium exhibits ____ (stimulant) and _____ (depressant) effects, it is also used as a ______ (anti-psychotic)

A

euphoric
anxiolytic
medicine

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6
Q

What are the three intake methods for heroin and morphine?

A

oral, inhalation and intravenous

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7
Q

Taking heroin and morphine orally, by ingestion, and intravenously all have different effects. What are they?

A

Oral: mood alleviation, cough suppression

Inhalation: euphoria

Intravenously: euphoria, pain relief

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8
Q

Seeing decreased body temperature and pupil constriction is characteristic of taking heroin and morphine by which method of intake?

A

intravenously

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9
Q

During injection of heroin and morphine, what are the three stages and how long does each last?

A

Stage 1:

  • 0-2 minutes
  • “rush”, “flash”: intense euphoria
  • tingling and warmth in “lower abdomen” resembling sexual orgasm

Stage 2:

  • 2-3 hours
  • “on the nod” : tranquil drowsiness

Stage 3:

  • 4+ hours
  • WITHDRAWAL
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10
Q

In what stage of heroin or morphine injection is there a reduction in sexual interest? What is it a result of?

A

stage 2: lowering testosterone levels

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11
Q

What is the withdrawal like from heroin and morphine?

A

occurs in stage 3, is very rapid - allostatic mechanisms involved don’t seem to be following through

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12
Q

What drug has the following street names: china white, china girl, TNT, apache, percopop

A

fentanyl - a lot of these names are based on where they are coming from (China, Mexico)

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13
Q

What Schedule are the following drugs: heroin, morphine, methadone, fentanyl, codeine, oxycodone

A

Schedule I: heroin
Schedule II: morphine methadone, fentanyl
Schedule III: codeine, oxycodone

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14
Q

Fentanyl design:

  • Demerol = used as an _______
  • “lollipop” = used in _____ care
  • Duragesic = used for _____ pain
A

anesthetic
palliative care
chronic pain (analgesia)

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15
Q

Fentanyl is __x more potent than morphine

A

100

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16
Q

What are the three methods of intake for fentanyl?

A

oral
transdermal
insufflation

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17
Q

What is the problem with intake of fentanyl?

A

respiratory depression increases with faster absorption

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18
Q

Opium has an agonistic effect on _____ _____

A

endogenous neuropeptides

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19
Q

“separating the molecules into separate chains”

A

cleavage

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20
Q

Cleavage is an internal ______ action

A

internal

21
Q

Enzyme CYP2D6 converts codeine to ____

A

morphine

22
Q

Cleavage:

-active metabolite ______

A

morphine-6-glucuronide

23
Q

What do G-protein metabotropic receptors allow for?

A

return neurons to resting potential sooner by allowing K+ to influx inwards

24
Q

Pure Agonist: ____ relief (what drugs?)

A

pain relief - fentanyl and morphine

25
Q

Partial Agonist: ____ relief but no ____ effect

A

pain

respiratory

26
Q

Mixed Agonist-Antagonist: treating ___ ____

A

opioid addiction (naloxone, methadone, buprenorphine)

27
Q

Mixed Agonist-Antagonist:

  • _____ receptor, ______ drug
  • ___ one receptor, _____ another
A

agonising; antagonizing

agonize; antagonize

28
Q

How does opium have agonistic effects with regard to GABA?

A

it inhibits the GABA neurons so that there is an increase in dopamine levels and an increase in reinforcing effects

29
Q

How is opium agonistic in the ventral tegmental area?

A

suppression of the inhibitory response of GABA on dopamine receptors

30
Q

How is opium agonistic in the nucleus accumbens?

A

activation of m opioid receptors that inhibit the GABA neurons - this allows dopamine to be released in VTA and “enhancement” of the dopaminergic response

31
Q

With opium, there is agonism of the ___ ___ receptor

A

glutamate NMDA

32
Q

How does inhibition of opium effect nociception?

A
  • A and C fibers

- Glutamate and substance P

33
Q

How do A and C fibers decrease pain?

A

sensory pain signal from receptor to spinal cord -

these fibers are inhibited, stopping neurotransmission of the pain

34
Q

How do glutamate and substance P stop pain?

A

it is the sensory pain signal from the spinal cord to the thalamus that is inhibited by activation of the medulla - this dulls/blunts the pain

35
Q

Is there a tolerance seen with opium?

A

it is dose dependant

36
Q

Tolerance with opium is ___ and ____ (allostatic principles) and is selective to ___, ____, and ____ ____ (conditioning effects)

A

accrued and relational

analgesia, euphoria, and respiratory depression

37
Q

Withdrawal lasts __-__ days

A

5-10

38
Q

When does craving intensify?

A

at 36-72 hours

39
Q

Withdrawal: at 8-12 hours you start to get what symptoms?

A

flu-like

40
Q

Withdrawal: at 48-72 hours you start to get what symptoms?

A

pupil dilation, anorexia, piloerection, spastic arm/leg movements

41
Q

90% relapse after withdrawal associated with ____

A

environment - this is evidence for conditioning

42
Q

Detoxification:

Long term is ___ days and short term is ___ days

A

180; 30

43
Q

You can use ___ or ____ for long term/short term detoxification

A

methadone or buprenophrine

44
Q

Using methadone or buprenorphine will prevent ___, has ____ effects, and weak/no _____

A

withdrawal
long-lasting
euphoria

45
Q

What is the debate for using methadone or buprenorphine?

A

institutional control of addicts - you can get addicted to methadone so it just gets addicts addicted to the institution

46
Q

Naloxone is an ___ ____ - it binds as an agonist and induces what?

A

inverse agonist - induces opposite pharmacological response (ie. lowers the response)

47
Q

Naloxone ____ withdrawal symptoms and ____ duration

A

increases, decreases

48
Q

Ultra-rapid detoxification (2 days) is in conjunction with _____ for the first few hours

A

sedation/amesthetized

PSYC 345A - Midterm #3 (4 decks)

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