Hallucinogens - Mescaline Flashcards
Trimethoxyphenethylamine has a street name of _____
mescaline
Mescaline is classified as a ______ drug
hallucinogenic drug
Phenethylamine is an alkaloid found in ____
plants (PEYOTE)
Phenethylamine is structurally similar to ____, and implies what?
catecholamines - implies behavioural effects of reward and/or learning
Phenethylamine is functionally similar to ___ and ___, what does this imply?
LSD and psilocybin - implies psychological effects related to hallucinations
Ironically, phenethylamine is more similar to ______
amphetamine
How is Phenethylamine made in plants?
results from a “stress-response” - some evidence that it provides a developmental function as well
What has mescaline historically been used as?
a relative potency measure for other hallucinogens due to its accessibility/proliferaiton
What is the problem with Peyote (the alkaloid found in plants)?
it includes 30 psychoactive alkaloids - other symptoms induce “hangover” (nausea, headache)
Mescaline is an agonist or an antagonist?
agonist
What is the debate with mescaline and its agonistic effects?
Norepi or Serotonin
Serotonin results in _____. Discuss the visual and auditory components of this. What is the problem?
Hallucinations
-visual: distinctive “kaleidoscope” imagery, “animated stained-glass”
-auditory: synesthesia
PROBLEM: quantitatively different experience than LSD or DMT
Norepinephrine is released in the ___ ___ and lead to what in the cerebral cortex?
locus coeruleus; leads to further glutamate release in cerebral cortex
What does further glutamate release in the cerebral cortex from norepi result in?
hallucinations that are altered perceptions (illusions)
How do you intake Mescaline? (two options)
ingestion of dried peyote buttons or mescaline pills (synthesized in lab)
How is mescaline pills different from dried peyote buttons? (2)
difficult to pass BBB thus:
- requires more to produce smaller effect (compared to LSD)
- injection/insufflation is not effective (METABOLITES NOT ACTIVE)
3 stages of Mescaline and amount of time they last?
- Physiological effects (30min-1hr)
- Psychological effects (1-2hrs)
- Entheogenic effects (2hrs +)
“sympathetic responses (alertness, vigilance, attention, memory) - physiological effect of _____ release”
this is stage 1 of mescaline - physiological effects
Blank: Norepi
“visual, auditory ‘hallucinations’ - _____ cascade or independent response”
this is stage 2 of mescaline - psychological effects
Blank: serotonin
“inner peace, tranquility, euphoria, dream like state - ____”
this is stage 3 of mescaline - entheogenic
Blank: dopamine
Norepi release in locus coeruleus doesn’t put you to sleep, it actually causes a cascade of ____ in cerebral cortex
glutamate - this might mean it has implications for attention
For mescaline to work, it needs to pass what?
first pass metabolism
Mescaline abuse potential: an acute tolerance accrues with repeated use, but only to ______ properties - what does this imply?
hallucinogenic - implies no tolerance to dopamine
Mescaline abuse potential: there is an acute cross-tolerance with LSD and psilocybin, what does this give evidence for?
evidence for an effect on serotonin
