Hallucinogens - PCP and Ketamine Flashcards
PCP and Ketamine are ____ drugs
designer
PCP and Ketamine are both ____ ____ hallucinogens
dissociative anesthetic hallucinogens
When a drug is classified as a dissociative anesthetic hallucinogen, it can be qualified as either _____ and/or _____, however it also can have some ____ properties
“depressant” (sedative, pain)
“hallucinogen”
stimulant properties
Dissociative anesthetic hallucinogens, such as PCP and Ketamine, have separate perception from ______. The ____ properties are not well understood.
sensation
euphoric
What were PCP and Ketamine originally designed for?
surgery - however the side-effects were only apparent after if was put to use
In Canada, PCP and Ketamine are Schedule __ while they are Scheduled __ in the US. Both these drugs have also been used in psychiatric research to study ______
Schedule I in Canada: “date rape drug”
Schedule II in US: veterinary use
study schizophrenia
What are the general effects of the dissociative anesthetic hallucinogens?
- catalepsy (loss of sensation and consciousness-inability to move)
- amnesia
- analgesic (pain killer - eliminate sensation)
What are the intake methods for ketamine? and time for action?
insufflation
inhalation
injection (10-60min)
ingestion (2hrs)
What are the intake methods for phencyclidine (PCP)? and time for action? How long does it last?
insufflation (1 min)
inhalation (5min)
*some people say that it lasts anywhere between 30 minutes to 18 hours
PCP - what is embalming fluid?
a yellowish oil solution that cigarettes or joints are dipped in
PCP - what is angel dust?
ground crystals and sprinkled on oregano or parsley and smoked - aka killer joints when mixed with marijuana
In low doses, what do PCP and Ketamine do with regards to serotonin and dopamine?
they are reuptake inhibitors - they disengage the reuptake transporter
they are also partial agonists for serotonin and dopamine - more readily available at the synapse
In high doses, PCP and ketamine have what effect on acetylcholine?
antagonistic:
- blocks nicotinic = muscle contractions effected, making the person flacid
- muscarinic = memory deficits, arousal, analgesia
At both low and high doses, PCP and ketamine have what effects on the NMDA (glutamate) receptors?
antagonist - disrupts LTP by emulating “stopper” signal which results in disordered learning - this is why trauma is such a serious thing when dealing with these drugs, because fear is learned (fear system is hyper activated)
Why is PCP used recreationally?
at low doses it makes you feel good cause of dopamine and serotonin - however, it is the high doses that aren’t good
With PCP and Ketamine, the effects are dose dependant. What happens at low doses?
drunk-like state, numbness in extremities, acts as an ANESTHETIC effect
With PCP and Ketamine, the effects are dose dependant. What happens at moderate doses?
(5-10 mg) - disconnectedness from environment, dissociativeness from body - has DEPRESSANT effects (this is not depression, this is depressive!)
With PCP and Ketamine, the effects are dose dependant. What happens at high doses?
- sympathomimetic
- hallucinations
- lingering schizophrenic symptoms that can last for 2 months
Taken in high doses, what specific effect can ketamine have?
“keyhole” experience - simulating near-death
Taken in high doses, users might experience lingering schizophrenic symptoms that can last for 2 months, what might these include, and what hypothesis does this support?
- delusions, paranoia, disordered thinking, catalepsies and catatonia, sparse/garbled speech, micro/macro scopia
- results support “glutamate hypothesis” of schizophrenia (stimulant effects)
T/F: PCP and Ketamine can have some long term amphetamine-like effects
true
PCP and Ketamine can have what three effects?
- “superhuman” strength and “invulnerability”
- Megalomania
- Long-Term depression
Why are these drugs said to have effects of “superhuman” strength and “invulnerability”?
the analgesia allows for excessive exertion, this usually results in severe physical injury to self
“delusional fantasies of omnipotence, power, perception and the believe in a ‘god-like’ status”
megalomania - effect of ketamine and PCP
