Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Pharmacology > Opioids and Alpha 2 Agonists > Flashcards

Opioids and Alpha 2 Agonists Flashcards

1
Q

how do opioids cause analgesia?

A

central and peripheral actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

which opioids are more effective analgesics?

A

agonists> agonist/antagonists or partial agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where do alpha 2 agonists enact analgesia?

A

central and peripheral actions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is opioid-alpha 2 agonist analgesia synergy?

A

can use lower doses of each together and get more sedation and analgesia than either drug alone at higher doses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

which opioid is used more often for sedation that for analgesia in small animal patients?

A

butorphanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which opioid agonists are used in veterinary medicine?

A

hydromorphone
morphine
fentanyl
methadone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which opioid is a partial agonist?

A

buprenorphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the most important side effects of opioids?

A

cardiovascular (bradycardia)
respiratory depression (hypoventilation)
gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, constipation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do opioids impact cardiac output and MAP?

A

minimal direct effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are thee respiratory effects of opioids?

A

decreases responsiveness to CO2: hypoventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the immediate gastrointestinal effects of opioids?

A

agonists: nausea, vomiting, defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the long-lasting gastrointestinal effects of opioids?

A

decrease propulsive motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are opioids used for in small animal?

A

premedication
induction of anesthesia
epidural analgesia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

do opioids decrease minimum alveolar concentration (anesthesia) in horses?

A

not consistently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which opioid is most commonly used in horses?

A

butorphanol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens in camelids and ruminants with opioids?

A

locomotion: hyperthermia, self injury
gastrointestinal stasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is sensitivity to alpha 2 agonists like between species?

A

huge variations in sensitivity to drug between species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how should you choose an alpha 2 agonist?

A

intended species on label
duration of effect
route of administration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which systems do alpha 2 agonists have adverse effects in?

A

cardiovascular
respiratory
gastrointestinal
endocrine

20
Q

what is hypertension with alpha 2 agonists mediated by?

A

alpha2B AR

21
Q

what is the impact of alpha 2 agonists on cardiac output?

A

dose dependent decrease in cardiac output
overall reduction in organ blood flow

22
Q

what does using an anticholinergic and alpha 2 agonist cause?

A

worse hypertension and increases myocardial work

23
Q

which opioid is a partial agonist?

A

buprenorphine

24
Q

what can an IV morphine bolus cause?

A

histamine release

25
Q

how do opioids induce bradycardia?

A

vagally

26
Q

how do opioids cause hypoventilation?

A

decrease responsiveness to CO2

27
Q

do agonist/antagonists or partial agonist opioids cause vomiting?

A

no

28
Q

what can be used with opioids in patients with cardio, liver, and renal disease?

A

benzodiazepine

29
Q

which patients should you not use opioids in?

A

head trauma: increases intracranial pressure through hypoventilation
increased risk of aspiration
pneumonia/difficulty sustaining normal oxygenation
cats hyperthermic, dogs hypothermic

30
Q

what opioid is most commonly used in horses?

A

butorphanol

31
Q

which opioid is avoided in horses?

A

buprenorphine: hard to reverse

32
Q

what is a significant problem with opioids in camelids?

A

gastrointestinal stasis

33
Q

what is the peripheral hypertension with alpha 2 agonists from?

A

vasoconstriction

34
Q

how does hypotension occur with alpha 2 agonists?

A

central effect
alpha2A AR

35
Q

what is the blood flow reduction from alpha 2 agonists like?

A

more reduced to skin than vital organs
continues after reversal of drug

36
Q

do alpha 2 agonists or opioids cause more severe bradycardia?

A

alpha 2 agonists

37
Q

what arrhythmias are associated with alpha 2 agonists?

A

heart block
paroxysmal V tach

38
Q

what are the respiratory effects of alpha 2 agonists?

A

decreased
no significant change blood gas
pulmonary edema: ruminants

39
Q

how do alpha 2 agonists impact mucous membrane color?

A

similar to dead patient
helps to supplement oxygen

40
Q

what is kitty magic?

A

ketamine
butorphanol or buprenorphine
dexmedetomidine

41
Q

which alpha 2s are used in horses?

A

xylazine
detomidine
romifidine

42
Q

how effective are alpha 2 agonists with colic pain in horses?

A

more effective than opioids or NSAIDs

43
Q

which ruminants are the most sensitive to alpha 2 agonists?

A

goats

44
Q

how sensitive are pigs to alpha 2 agonists?

A

very resistant to sedative effects

45
Q

what is important to monitor with alpha 2 agonists?

A

SPO2
heart rate
blood pressure
blood loss

Clinical Pharmacology (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions