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Clinical Skills Y2 > Ophthalmoscopy Prep > Flashcards

Ophthalmoscopy Prep Flashcards

1
Q

Ophthalmoscopy may be performed as part of a ….

A

Neurological examination

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2
Q

What can be viewed with opthalmoscopy?

A

Vasculature of the eye.

To some degree, the nerve supply.

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3
Q

Why is a focus wheel used?

A

To accomodate for any refractive error.

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4
Q

What is the function of the focus wheel?

A

Can be moved to change the strength of the lens, enabling you to focus on the internal structures.

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5
Q

Role of lens indicator?

A

Number changes as lens wheel is moved.

Should be set on 0 before starting the examination.

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6
Q

Hyperopia

A

Longsightedness.
Distant object image focused behind retina.
Hence objects appear out of focus, may cause headaches, eye strain.

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7
Q

Myopia

A

Condition where image of a distant object becomes focused in front of retina.

Causes distant objects to appear out of focus.

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8
Q

Why is it good practice to place your free hand on patients head, with thumb above eye?

A

If you get too close, forehead will touch your thumb preventing you from bumping into the patient.

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9
Q

What may we inspect the external structures of the eye for?

A

Lesions, scars, trauma, any other abnormalities.

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10
Q

State the structures of the eye?

A 
Eyelids, eyelashes
Lateral an medial canthus 
Sclera
Conjunctiva 
Iris 
Cornea 
Pupil
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11
Q

Blepharitis

A

Causes red, swollen and itchy eyelids.
Eyelids sticky and difficult to open in the morning
Non-contagious

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12
Q

Stye

A

Small yellowish spot, most commonly caused by blocking of oil gland at base of eyelid.
Can be painful / tender to touch.

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13
Q

Conjunctivitis

A

Inflammation of conjunctiva caused by viral / bacterial infection.
Highly contagious

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14
Q

Pinguecula

A

Yellow bump on eye.
Non-cancerous growth on conjunctiva.
Does not cross over

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15
Q

What is used to make vessels of the eye more prominent?

A

Fluroescein drops.

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16
Q

Corneal limbus

A

Border of the cornea and the sclera.

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17
Q

Pterygium

A

Non-cancerous, wing shaped growth of tissue across cornea.

Patients sight may not usually be painful however eye may appear red.

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18
Q

Conjunctival epithelial inclusion cyst

A

Symptomless swelling of conjunctiva, which may reduce motility.

May be congenital, primary or secondary, due to trauma

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19
Q

Diffuse Iris Nevus

A

Appear as hyperpigmented regions of the iris with minimal disruption of normal iris architecture.

20
Q

How may the red reflex be performed?

A

Ask the patient to fix their gaze on a distant object.

Look through ophthalmoscope (with light switched on)

Observe for red reflex and identify any areas where it is reduced or distorted.

21
Q

Why is the red reflex observed?

A

Light reflecting back from blood rich retina.

22
Q

Strabismus

A

Both eyes are not looking forward in the same direction

23
Q

What is a common observation of the red reflex?

A

Reduction of bright red colour due to cataracts in one of the patients eyes.

24
Q

Leukocoria

A

Loss of red reflex.
Abnormal white reflection from retina.
Can occur if retina lacks a tapetum lucidum.

25
Q

When looking through the ophthalmascope if structures are blurry or indistinct what should you do?

A

Move focus wheel until image is clearer.

If images become more distorted, move the wheel in the opposite direction.

26
Q

Where do retinal vessels branch from?

A

Optic disc into quadrants of the eye.

27
Q

What colours are the veins and arteries in the eye?

A

Veins - burgundy

Arteries - Paler with a central silvery core with 2 outer red lines.

28
Q

When examining the macula , it is important to?

A

Dim the light of the ophthalmoscope.

29
Q

When examining the fovea it is important to?

A

Ask patient to look directly into the light.

30
Q

Papilledema

A

Usually bilateral swelling of optic disc as a result of increased intracranial pressure.

Causes:
Brain tumour
Malignant hypertension
Respiratory failure

31
Q

Maculopathy

A

Damage to macula.

- Macula is the part of the eye which provides us with central vision.

32
Q

Exudates

A

Composed of lipid and protein.
Either hard or soft.
Often associated with adjacent fluid accumulation in the retina.

33
Q

Soft exudates

A

Tend to be swollen nerve axons.

34
Q

Age related macula degeneration

A 
Causes vision loss in the centre of the field of vision. 
Drusen deposits (lipids) under retina (seen as yellow spots) are associated with an increased risk of ARMD.
35
Q

2 Types of Age related macula degeneration

A
  1. Dry Macular Degeneration

2. Wet Macular Degeneration

36
Q

Which is the more common type of ARMD?

A

Dry Macular degeneration

  • Deterioriation of macula
  • seen as series of dark patches
  • caused by accumulation of drusen.
  • causes atrophy and scaring to retina
37
Q

Drusen

A

Deposits of extracellular waste that accumulate under the retina, between a specialized layer of cells called the retinal pigment epithelium.

38
Q

Wet macular degeneration

A

Blood vessels grow under retina, arising from choroid or choroidal neurovascular membrane in back of eye ,leaking blood of fluid.

39
Q

Describe the characteristic signs of Wet macular degeneration?

A

Pale patches of exudates.

Large pool of blood or lipids.

40
Q

Retinopathy

A

Process whereby inflammation and vascular remodelling occurs over a period of time.

41
Q

Types of retinopathy

A
  1. Retinopathy of prematurity ROP
  2. Diabetic retinopathy associated with type 1 and type 2 diabetes
  3. Hypertensive retinopathy
42
Q

Retinopathy of prematurity ROP

A

, When retinal blood vessels have not developed completely as a result of prematurity.

43
Q

Non proliferative retinopathy

A

Blood vessels in retina deteriorate.
Can become blocked, leads proteins and lipids etc
Fluid can collect in retina, impacting sharp vision

44
Q

Proliferative retinopathy

A

New structurally unstable vessels grow on surface of retina.
Can cause frequent minor bleeding.

45
Q

Hypertensive retinopathy

A

Results from damage to BV.
Abnormalities:
- thickening of small arteries
- blockage of retinal blood vessels

Clinical Skills Y2 (12 decks)

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