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Finals > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 eyelid infections?

A

styes, blepharitis

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2
Q

What glands are affected with styes?

A

Molls and Zeis

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3
Q

How to Mx a lid infection?

A

eyelid hygeine, cotton bud, baby shampoo dilated

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4
Q

What is an entropion? what symptom and why?

A

lid inturning, degeneration of the lower lid. Inturned eyelashes irritate the cornea

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5
Q

What is an ectropion? what symptoms?

A

lower lid eversion. Causes a watering eye and exposure keratitis.

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6
Q

What is the effect of sympathetic NS on the pupil? list a sympathomimetic drug?

A

pupils dilate. Phenylephrine

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7
Q

What is the effect of parasympathetic NS on the pupil? list a drug which mimics this.

A

constricted pupils. Tropicamide.

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8
Q

What is opthalmoscopy used for?

A

red reflex, renal vasculature, optic nerbe

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9
Q

What is myopic eye sight?

A

short sighted

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10
Q

what is hypermetropic eyesight?

A

long sighted

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11
Q

Name some abnormalities you could see on the retina?

A

haemorrhage, exudate, drusens, scarring, retinitis pigmentosa

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12
Q

What is a scotoma?

A

a blind spot

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13
Q

2 causes of flame haemorrhages?

A

retinal vein occlusion, hypertensive retinopathy

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14
Q

What are the rod and cone cells uses?

A

RODS - outer retina, night vision

CONES - central retina, colour vision and acuity

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15
Q

Name some causes of gradual loss of vision?

A

cataract, glaucoma, ARMD, Retinitis pigmentosa

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16
Q

What is a cataract?

A

A cataract is a common eye condition where the lens of the eye gradually opacifies

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17
Q

Causes of cataracts?

A 
Smoking
Increased alcohol consumption
Trauma
Diabetes mellitus
Long-term corticosteroids
Radiation exposure
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18
Q

Presentation of a cataract?

A

Reduced vision
Faded colour vision: making it more difficult to distinguish different colours
Glare: lights appear brighter than usual
Halos around lights

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19
Q

Different types of cataracts and who they affect?

A

Nucleur - the elderly
Polar - inherited
Subscapular - steroid induced

20
Q

Ix for cataracts?

A

Ophthalmoscopy, slit light exam

21
Q

Mx for cataract?

A

UV protective sunglasses, lens surgery - remove and replace.

22
Q

What is the commonest type of glaucoma?

A

Chronic open angle glaucoma

23
Q

Definition of raised IOP?

A

> 21mmHG

24
Q

RF for chronic open angle glaucoma?

A

genetics, black patients, myopia, HTN, diabetes

25
Q

What features might be seen on optometry?

A
  1. Optic disc cupping - caused by loss of disc substance
  2. Optic disc pallor - indicating atrophy
  3. Bayonetting of vessels - vessels have breaks as they disappear into the deep cup and re-appear at the base
26
Q

How might a patient present with chronic open angle glaucoma?

A

peripheral visual field loss, decreased visual acuity, optic disc cupping

27
Q

How to investigate chronic open angle glaucoma?

A

assess visual field, slit lamp exam, applanation tonometry (measure IOP)

28
Q

Management pathway for chronic open angle glaucoma?

A

1st line = Prostaglandin analogue e.g. Latanoprost - increases uveoscleral outflow
2nd line = B blocker e.g Betaxolol - reduces aqueous production OR carbonic anhydrase inhibitor e.g. Dorzolamide - reduces aqueous production

29
Q

What is age related macular degeneration?

A

degeneration of the macula which is usually bilateral.
WET - exudative and neovascular
DRY - drusen formation

30
Q

RF for ARMD?

A

age, smoking, family history, HTN, dyslipidaemia

31
Q

Presentation of ARMD?

A

reduced visual acuity, difficulties with dark adaption, fluctuating visual disturbance

32
Q

Ix for ARMD?

A

slit lamp microscopy, fluroscein angiography

33
Q

Mx for wet ARMD?

A

anti-VEGF e.g. Lucentis

34
Q

Name some causes of sudden loss of vision?

A

Branch/central retinal artery occlusion, ocular TIA, branch RVO, central, RVO, AION, optic neuritis, retinal detachment

35
Q

Presentation of a retinal artery occlusion?

A

sudden total loss of vision (central/top or bottom)

36
Q

Ix and Mx of a RAO?

A

carotid artery doppler, fasting lipids, ECG, FBC, ESR, CT head, clotting screen
Mx = Aspirin

37
Q

Signs of a RVO? on ophtalmoscope?

A

blurred vision and visual field defects

OPHTHALMOSCOPE - flame haemorrhage, leaking veins, arteries intact, swollen optic disk

38
Q

Presentation of a retinal detatchment?

A

flashes, floaters and field loss

39
Q

Signs on ophtalmoscopy of hypertensive retinopathy?

A

microinfarcts, superficial flame haemorrhage, exudate

40
Q

RF for diabetic retinopathy?

A

poor glycaemic control, HTN, carotid stenosis, pregnancy, renal disease, anaemia

41
Q

Signs on fundoscopy of diabetic retinopathy

A

microaneurysms, dots and blots, cotton wool spots, lipid exudate, neuvascularisation

42
Q

Symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

red eye, normal vision discharge and swollen

43
Q

Common causes of conjunctivitis?

A

viral - adenovirus
bacterial - strep/staph
allergy

44
Q

What is the difference between presentation of episclerritis and scleritis?

A

Episcleritis - mild irritation, redness, no discharge or visual changrs
Scleritis - very painful, reduced vision

45
Q

Presentation of acute angle closure glaucoma?

A

very high IOP, N&V, unliateral painful red eye, loss of vision, photophobia, dilated pupil

46
Q

Mx of acute closed angle glaucoma

A

Lower pressure - B blocker + IV mannitol

Constrict pupil - pilocarpine drops

Finals (21 decks)

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