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MRCP 1 AMG > OPHTHALMOLOGY > Flashcards

OPHTHALMOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Transient Monocular Vision Loss/Sudden painless loss of vision causes

A

Vascular/Ischaemic (CRAO/CRVO)
VH
RD
RM

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2
Q

Causes of TUNNEL VISION

A 
Papilloedema
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Optic Atrophy secondary to tabes dorsalis
Choroidoretinitis
Glaucoma
Hysteria
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3
Q

RA Ocular manifestations are

A 
Keratoconjunctibitis sicca (B/L + Drying Burning Itching)
Episcleritis
Scleritis (Pain)
Corneal Ulceration
Keratitis
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4
Q

CATARACT CAUSES

A 
Age
Alcohol
Smoking
Trauma
DM/MD
Long Term Steroids
Radiation
Hypocalcemia
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5
Q

Orbital cellulitis is infection of 1)__. It arises from a spreading 2)__ and is a medical emergency due to risk of 3)__ and it warrants 4)__

Periorbital cellulitis is infection of 5)__. It arises from 6)__ and may progress to 7)__.

Both present with 8)__. However orbital cellulitis has specific features like 9)__.

A

1 - fat and muscles posterior to orbital septum

2 - Sinusitis/Periorbital Cellulitis

3 - Optic nerve damage/CST/Intracranial spread

4 - Urgent hospital admission for IV antibiotics

5 - superficial tissue anterior to orbital septum

6 - chalazion/insect bite

7 - Orbital cellulitis

8 - pain,redness,swelling around the eye/ptosis

9 - Proptosis/Ophthalmoplegia/Reduced visual activity

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6
Q

Acquired causes of Optic atrophy = 1

Congenital Causes of Optic atrophy = 2

A 
1 = MS
       Papilloedema
       Raised IOP
       Retinal damage
       Toxin - Tobacco/Arsenic/Lead/Quinine/Methanol
        Ischaemia
        Nutrition - VIT 1/2/6/12

2 = Friedrich ataxia/Mitochondrial disorder/DIDMOAD or Wolfram
syndrome

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7
Q

POAG/Chronic simple glaucoma risk factors = 1)—
Rx of choice = 2)—

Acute Open angle Glaucoma risk factors = 3)—
Rx of choice is 4)—

A

1 = Age (>40y)/Genetics (First degree relatives)/Ethnicity (Black)
DM/Myopia/HTN/Steroids

2 = Prostaglandin analogue ED (Latanoprost)

        Beta blocker (timolol, betaxolol)/CA inh (Dorzolamide)/
        Sympathomimetic ED (Brimonidine)/Mitotics (Pilocarpine)

3 = Hypermetropia/Pupillary dilation (Anticholinergic,TCA)/Lens growth
associated with age

4 = Topical Pilocarpine + IV Acetazolamide

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8
Q

Posterior Vitreous detachment is characterised by 1)—

Retinal Detachment is characterised by 2)—

VH is characterised by 3)—

A

1 = Flashes of light and floaters in peripheral visual field

2 = Dense shadows in peripheral visual field

3 = floaters (small bleeds)/dark spots (moderate bleeds)/sudden LOV
(large bleeds)

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9
Q

Keratitis is 1)— and presents with 2)—

There are various pathogenic causes but a common risk factor is 3)—

A

1 = Inflammation of the cornea

2 = Red eye/Photophobia/FB or Gritty sensation/Hypopyon/
Normal pupillary reaction

3 = Contact lens

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10
Q

ARMD Risk Factors = 1)—

Initial investigation is 2)— and 3)— is done when wet ARMD is suspected.

Rx of choice in dry ARMD is 4)— and in wet ARMD is 5)—

A

1 = AGE/SMOKING/FAMILY HISTORY
Others - Risk of IHD (DM/HTN/Dyslipidaemia)

2 = Slit-lamp Microscopy

3 = Fluorescin Angiography

4 = Antioxidant therapy ( Zn + Vit A/C/E)

5 = Anti VEGF inj (Ranibizumab/Bevacizumab/pegaptanib)

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11
Q

Angioid retinal streaks seen fundoscopically are caused by 1)—

A 
1 = Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (skin changes first sign)
       Paget’s disease
       Sickle cell anaemia
       Ehlers - Danlos Syndrome
       Acromegaly
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12
Q

Marcus Gunn Pupil is also known as 1)—
It is diagnosed by 2)—
Cause - 3)—

ARP is a 4)—

Holmes-Aide’s pupil is a 5)— and is associated with 6)—

A

1 = Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect

2 = Swinging Light Test wherein the affected and normal eye both appear
to dilate when light is shown on the affected

3 = Lesion anterior to optic chinasma = Retina (Retinal detachment)/
       Optic Nerve (Optic Neuritis)

4 = Constricted pupil with ARP + PRA

5 = Dilated Pupil with poor AR + PR

6 = Absent Ankle/Knee reflexes

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13
Q

Amaurosis fugax is treated as 1)-

A

1 = TIA —> Aspirin 300 stat

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14
Q

Features of CRVO are = 1)—

Causes of CRVO = 2)—

A

1 = TVML/severe retinal haemorrhages/RAPD/cherry red spot on
retina

2 = Thromboembolism (atherosclerosis)/arteritis (temporal arteritis)

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15
Q

Optic neuritis is characterised by 1)— and is caused by 2)—

A

1 = U/L decrease in visual activity/Central Scotoma/RAPD/Red
desaturation - poor discrimination of colours/Pain on eye
movement

2 = MS/DM/Syphilis

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16
Q

Retinitis Pigmentosa is characterised by 1)— and is caused by 2)—

A

1 = Night blindness/Tunnel or funnel vision/black bone spicule-
shaped pigmentation in peripheral retina and mottling of
Retinal pigment epithelium

2 = Refsum disease
       Usher syndrome 
       Lawrence-Moon-Biedl syndrome
       Kearns - Sayre Syndrome
       Alport syndrome/Abetalipoproteinemia
17
Q

Horner syndrome is characterised by 1)—

Anhidrosis of face/arm/trunk indicate a 2)— lesion and is caused by 3)—

Anhidrosis of face indicate a 4)— lesion and is caused by 5)—

No Anhidrosis indicates a 6)— lesion and is caused by 7)—

Heterochromia reveals 8)—

9) — eye drop confirms a Horner’s pupil by causing 10)— as opposed to 11)— in normal eye.
12) — is used to distinguish between 1/2/3 order neurons. Pupil will dilate in case of 13)—

A

1 = Ptosis
Anhidrosis
Miosis
Enophthalmos

2 = Central Lesion

3 = Stroke/Syringomyelia/Multiple Sclerosis/Tumor/Encephalopathy

4 = Pre-Ganglionic Lesion

5 = Tumor (Pancoast)/Trauma/Thyroidectomy/Cervical Rib

6 = Post-Ganglionic Lesion

7 = Carotid Artery Dissection/Carotid Aneurysm/Cavernous Sinus
Thrombosis/Cluster Headache

8 = Congenital Horner Syndrome

9 = Apraclonidine

10 = Pupillary dilation

11 = Pupillary constriction

12 = Hydroxyamphetamine eye drops

13 = Normal pupil/ 1/2 order neuron affection

18
Q

Blepharitis is 1)—

It presents as 2)—

It is caused by 3)—

Rx is 3)—

A

1 = Inflammation of eyelids

2 = B/L sore and gritty eyelids, red eyelid margins, dry,sticky eyes

3 = Meibomian gland dysfunction
Acne Rosacea
Seborrhoea dermatitis/Staph inf
4 = hot compress (softens eyelid margins)/lid hygiene - mech removal
of debris from lid margins/Artificial tears for dry eyes

19
Q

DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

Background Retinopathy characteristics = 1)—

Pre-Proliferative Retinopathy characteristics = 2)—

Proliferative Retinopathy characteristics = 3)—

Maculopathy charcteristics= 4)

Proliferative retinopathy warrants 5)—

A

1 = Dot (Microaneurysms) & Blot Haemorrhages (<=3)/Hard
Exudates

2 = Blot Haemorrhages (>3)/cotton wool spots (soft exudates)/Deep or
dark cluster haemorrhages/venous beading or looping
(commoner in T1DM)

3 = retinal neovascularisation —> VH/fibrous tissue anterior to retinal
disc (commoner in T1DM)

4 = Hard Exudates + Background changes on Macula (commoner in
T2DM)

5 = Urgent Panretinal Photocoagulation

20
Q

HYPERTENSIVE RETINOPATHY

It follows 1)— Classification

Stage 1 = 2)—

Stage 2 = 3)—

Stage 3 = 4)—

Stage 4 = 5)—

A

1 = Keith-Wagener

2 = Arteriolar narrowing and tortuosity/Increased light reflex - silver
wiring

3 = Arterio-Venous nipping

4 = Cotton-wool exudates/Flame and blot haemorrhages

5 = Papilloedema

21
Q

MYDRIATIC PUPIL CAUSES

A 
Phaeochromocytoma
Holmes-Adie pupil
CN 3 palsy
Congenital
Traumatic Iridoplegia
Drugs —> Tropicamide-Atropine/Amphetamine-Cocaine/TCA
22
Q

HZO presents as 1)—

Strongest risk factor for ocular involvement is 2)—

Rx is 3)—

A

1 = Vesicular Rash around the eye

2 = Hutchinson sign — Rash on tip/side of nose —> indicative of
nasociliary involvement

3 = Oral acyclovir for 1-2 weeks and later on topical steroids for 2ary
inflammation

23
Q

PAPILLOEDEMA CAUSES

A 
SOL
HTN (Malignant/Intracranial hypertension)
Hydrocephalus
Hypercapnia
Hypocalcaemia
Hypoparathyroidism
Vitamin A toxicity
24
Q

Dacrocystitis presents as

A 
Watering eye (Epiphora)
Swelling/Erythema in inner canthus

MRCP 1 AMG (6 decks)

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