HAEMATOLOGY/ONCOLOGY Flashcards
PATHOLOGICAL RED CELLS
TARGET CELLS - 1 TEAR DROP CELLS - 2 SPHEROCYTES - 3 BASOPHILIC STIPPLING - 4 HOWELL JOLLY BODIES - 5 HEINZ BODIES - 6 SCHISTOCYTES - 7 HELMET CELLS - 8 PENCIL CELLS - 9 BURR CELLS - 10 ACANTHOCYTES - 11
1 - HbPathies (SCD/Thal)/IDA/CLD/Hyposplenism 2 - MYELOFIBROSIS 3 - HS/AIHA 4 - Lead/Thal/Sideroblastic/Myelodysplasia 5 - Hyposplenism 6 - G6PD/Alpha-Thal 7 - Intravascular Haemolysis 8 - Schistocyte other name 9 - IDA 10 - PK def/Uraemia 11 - Abetalipoproteinemia
INTRAVASCULAR HAEMOLYSIS CAUSES
RBC FRAGMENTATION - Prosthetic heart valves/TTP/HUS/DIC G6PD PNH Mismatched BT CAIHA
EXTRAVASCULAR HAEMOLYSIS CAUSES
HbPathies - SCD/Thal
HS
HDN
WAIHA
TYPICAL BLOOD FILMS
HYPOSPLENISM - 1
MEGALOBLASTIC ANAEMIA - 2
IDA - 3
CLL - 4
1 - Target cells/Acanthocytes/Pappenheimer bodies/Howell-Jolly bodies/Siderotic granules
2 - HSG Neutrophils
3 - Target cells/Pencil cells/Dimorphic film (micro + macro) if associated vit b12/folate
4 - SMUDGE/SMEAR CELLS
Types of Macrocytic Anaemia - 1
Causes - 2
1 - Megaloblastic and Normoblastic BM
2 - Causes of Megaloblastic —> Vit B12/Folate def
Causes of Normoblastic —> Alcohol Liver disease Myelodysplasia Pregnancy Reticulocytosis Hypothyroid Cytotoxic drugs
TUMOUR MARKERS
CA 125 —> 1
CA 19-9 —> 2
Ca 15-3 —> 3
The above are 4)___
PSA —> 5 AFP —> 6 CEA —> 7 S-100 —> 8 Bombesin —> 9
The above are 10)___
1 - CA Breast
2 - CA Pancreas
3 - CA Ovary
4 - MAB
5 - CA Prostate 6 - HCC/Terratoma 7 - CA Colon 8 - Melanoma/Schwannoma 9 - SCLC/CA Stomach/Neuroblastoma
10 - Tumour Antigens
CML
Occurrence of 1)__ chromosome.
It is due to 2)__ of 3)__ arm of (Chr with gene) 4)__ resulting in 5)___
Rx of choice in CML is 6)____, which is a 7)____
Notable features are 8)__
1 - Philadelphia
2 - Translocation
3 - Long
4 - Chr 9 ABL Porto-oncogene + Chr 22 BCR gene [t(9:22)(q34; q11)]
5 - BCR-ABL gene which codes for fusion protein with high TK activity
6 - IMNATINIB
7 - TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR associated with BCR-ABL defect
8 - Massive Splenomaegaly/Decreased LAP/Blast transformation (AML 80%/ALL 20%)
Essential Thrombocytosis is a 1)__ disorder wherein 2)__ proliferation results in 3)__.
It overlaps with 4)__ and 5)__ mutation is present.
Symptoms include 6)__.
Both 7)___ prevail.
Rx of choice is 8)___.
1 - Myeloproliferative
2 - Megakaryocyte
3 - Increased TPC (>600)
4 - CML/MYELOFIBROSIS/Polycythemia Rudra Vera
5 - JAK2
6 - Burning sensation in hands
7 - Thrombosis (Art + Ven) + Haemorrhage
8 - HYDROXYUREA
FANCONI ANAEMIA
Type of Inheritance - 1
Features - 2
1 - AR
2 - Aplastic Anaemia/AML/Cafe au lait spots/Short stature/Neurological
Causes of MASSIVE SPLENOMEGALY
MYELOFIBROSIS CML Malaria Visceral Leishmaniasis Gaucher’s
CLL
Most common leukaemia in 1)__
Cause - 2)__
Complications - 3)
Blood film - 4)
Indications of Rx - 5)
Rx - 6)
1 - Adults
2 - Monoclonal Prol of B-cells
3 - Hypogammaglobulinaemia leading to recurrent inf
WAIHA
Transformation to high grade Lymphoma.
(RICHTER’STRANSFORMATION)
4 - SMEAR/SMUDGE CELLS
5 - Progressive Marrow failure
Progressive/Massive Lymphadenopathy (>10cm)
Progressive/Massive Splenomegaly (>6cm)
Progressive Lymphocytosis (>50% Increase <2mo/Doubling time <6
mo )
Autoimmune Cytopenia (ITP)
Systemic Symptoms (fever/fatigue/night sweats/weight loss)
6 - FCR (Fludarabine/cyclophosphamide/Rituximab) —> Ibrutinib if fails
CAUSES OF MICROCYTIC ANAEMIA
Normal Hb but Microcytosis — 1
Microcystosis out of proportion with Anaemia — 2
F - IDA L - Pb Poisoning A - ACD S - Sideroblastic T - Thal
1 - Poly Rubra Vera
2 - Beta Thal
ALL
Good Prognosis - 1
Poor Prognosis - 2
1 - Common ALL
FAB L1
Pre B Phenotype
Del(9p)
Low WBC Count
2 -
CAUSES OF NORMOCYTIC ANAEMIA
ACD Aplastic Anaemia Acute Blood Loss CKD Haemolytic anaemia
Abdominal Pain + Neurological signs = 1)/2)
1 - AIP
2 - Pb poisoning
CANCER DRUG - S/E
1) Cyclophosphamide
2) Bleomycin
3) Doxorubicin
4) Vincristine/Vinblastine
5) Docetaxel
6) Irinotecan
7) MTX
8) 5-FU
9) 6-MP
10) Cytarabine
11) Cisplatin
12) HYDROXYUREA
1 - Haemorrhagic cystitis/TCC/Myelosuppression
2 - Pulmonary fibrosis/Hyperpigmentation
3 - DCM
4 - VC = Peri Neuro/Paralytic ileus. VB = Myelosuppression
5 - Myelosuppression
6 - Myelosuppression
7 - Reversible Myelosuppression/Mucositis/Pulm fibrosis/Liver Fibrosis
8 - Irreversible myelosuppression/Mucositis/Dermatitis
9 - Myelosuppression
10 - Pancytopenia/Ataxia
11 - Nephrotoxicity (Hypomagnesemia)/Ototoxicity/Peri Neuro
12 - Myelosuppression
PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
Neutrophil disorders - 1
B-Cell Disorders - 2
T-Cell Disorders - 3
B & T Cell disorders - 4
1 - CGD/LAD/Chediak-Higashi
2 - Common Variable Immunodeficiency/Bruton’s X-linked agammaglobulinemia/IgA Deficiency
3 - DiGeorge’s
4 - SCID/Wiskott-Aldrich/Ataxia Telengiectasia/Hyper IgM
Waldenstrom’s Macroglubulinemia is a 1)___, characterised by 2)__.
1 - Lymphoplasmacytoid malignancy
2 - Monoclonal IgM paraproteinemia
Hyperviscosity
Hepatosplenomegaly
Lymphadenopathy
Cryoglobulinaemia
CARCINOGEN - CANCER
Aflatoxin - 1 2 - TCC Bladder Asbestos - 3 4 - Hepatic Angiosarcoma Nitrosamines - 5
1 -> HCC
2 -> Aniline dye
3 -> Mesothelioma and Bronchial CA
4 -> Vinyl Chloride
5 -> Oesophagal & Gastric CA
Drugs causing G6PD def are
Primaquine
Ciprofloxacin
Sulpha drugs — Sulphonamide, sulfasalazine, SUR
Burkitt’s lymphoma is a 1)___
It has 2 forms — 2)____
Cause - 3)___
Finding - 4)___
Rx — 5)__
Complication during Rx is 6)__ which is characterised by 7)___ and is prevented by 8)___
1 - Neoplasm of B cell (NHL)
2 - Endemic/African form - Jaw (Mandible/Maxilla) - EBV implication
Sporadic form - abdomen (ileo-caecal) - HIV implication
3 - t(8:14) —> C-MYC activation
4 - Starry sky appearance on blood film —> Lymphocyte sheets interspersed with macrophages containing dead apoptotic tumour cells
5 - Chemotherapy
6 - Tumour Lysis Syndrome
7 - ARF/Hyperkalaemia/Hyperphosphatemia/HYPERURICAEMIA/Hypocalcemia
8 - RASBURICASE —> Recombinant Urate Oxidase —> UA to Allantoin
APML
It is 1)__ AML, presenting as 2)__, with blood film finding of 3)__, caused due to 4)__, carrying a 5)__ prognosis.
1 - FAB M3
2 - DIC/Thrombocytopenia in young adults
3 - Aeur Rods
4 - t(15:17) —> PML/RARA fusion gene
5 - Good
Hodgkin Lymphoma
It has 1)__ distribution.
4 types as follows - 2)__
Poor prognostic factors are - 3)__
1 - Bimodal Age (decade 3 & 7)
2 - Nodular Sclerosing (Most Common)
Mixed Cellularity (Most RS Cells)
Lymphocyte Predominant (Best Prognosis)
Lymphocyte Depleted (Worst Prognosis)
3 - Lymphocyte Depleted
B Symptoms (fever/night sweats/weight loss)
Male>45y
Stage 4
Hb <10.5/Lymphocyte <600 or 8%/Albumin <40/TLC>15000
