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Anatomy > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

0
Q

Bones making up the roof of the orbit

A

Orbital plate of the frontal bone

small part of the sphenoid

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1
Q

The combined superior, inferior, medial and lateral orbital margins

A

The orbital rim

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2
Q

Bones making up the lateral wall of the orbit

A

Sphenoid bone

small part of zygoma

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3
Q

Bones making up the floor or the orbit

A

The maxilla

small part of the zygoma

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4
Q

Bones making up the medial wall of the orbit

A

Orbital plate of the ethmoid bone
Lacrimal bone
(small part of the frontal bone)

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5
Q

Found at the apex of the orbit

A

Optic canal

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6
Q

Bones that are affected in an orbital blowout fracture

A

The bones making up the medial or floor of the orbit - much weaker than the bone at the orbital rim which stays intact
(Floor fracture more common - potential damage to infraorbital nerve)

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7
Q

Sphincter muscle surrounding the eye

A

Orbicularis oculi

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8
Q

Two functions of the sphincter muscle surrounding the eye

A
  1. Fibres surround the eyelids - used to screw up eyes

2. Fibres within the eyelids - used in blinking

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9
Q

Cranial nerve supply of orbicularis oculi

A

CN VII - facial nerve

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10
Q

The ligaments that attach the eyelid to the orbital rim

A

The medial and lateral palpebral ligaments

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11
Q

The sheet of fascia attaching to the periphery of the orbital rim

A

Orbital septum

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12
Q

The thick, dense connective tissue that gives the eyelid its shape

A

The inferior and superior tarsal plates

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13
Q

The open space between your eyelids

A

The palpebral fissure

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14
Q

Glands found in the eyelid that produce a lipid secretion

A

Tarsal Glands

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15
Q

Function of the lipid secreted by the tarsal glands

A

Stops eyelids sticking together every time you close them, barrier to stop tears falling from eyes, keep them to lubricate

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16
Q

The covering on the white sclera of the eye and the internal aspect of the eyelids

A

The conjunctiva

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17
Q

Where the conjunctiva is reflected off the clera and onto the internal eyelid

A

The conjunctival fornix

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18
Q

Function of the conjunctiva

A

Forms a defensive barrier to foreign bodies penetrating deep to it into the orbit

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19
Q

Where tears gather before draining into the puncta

A

The lacrimal lake

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20
Q

The small vessels seen in the sclera of the eye

A

Conjunctival vessels - dilate in conjunctivitis

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21
Q

The corneoscleral junction

A

The limbus

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22
Q

The superior end of the nasolacrimal duct

A

The lacrimal sac

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23
Q

The small canals that drain tears from the puncta to the nasolacrimal duct

A

The inferior and superior lacrimal canaliculi

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24
Q

Nerve supply to the lacrimal gland

A

Parasympathetic supply from the CN VII to produce tears

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25
Q

Where the nasolacrimal duct opens into the nasal cavity

A

Inferior meatus

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26
Q

The two parts of the fibrous layer of the eye

A

The sclera

The cornea

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27
Q

Function of the sclera

A

Protective

Attachment for the extraocular muscles

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28
Q

Function of the cornea

A

provides ~2/3rds of refractive power of the eye

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29
Q

The 3 parts of the Uvea

A

The iris
The ciliary body
The choroid

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30
Q

The function of the iris

A

Control of the pupil diameter

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31
Q

The function of the ciliary body

A

(made up of smooth muscle)
Control of the iris
Control of the shape of the lens
Secrete aqueous humour

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32
Q

Function of the choroid

A

Provide nutrition and gaseous exchange for the other layers

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33
Q

The angle between the iris and the cornea

A

Iridocorneal angle

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34
Q

The two main compartments of the eye

A

Posterior segment

Anterior segment

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35
Q

Contents of the posterior segment

A

Sclera, choroid, retina, vitreous body

The posterior 2/3rd of the eye

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36
Q

The clear gel found inside the eye that provides the pressure to the retina supported against the choroid

A

The vitreous humour (inside the vitreous body)

37
Q

The common location of floaters caused by areas of liquefaction of the gel and clumping of collagen fibres

A

The vitreous body

38
Q

Structures found in the anterior segment (anterior to posterior)

A

Cornea, iris, ciliary body

39
Q

Two parts of the anterior segment

A

Anterior chamber: space between cornea and iris (contains aqueous humour)
Posterior chamber: space between iris and vitreous body (contains aqueous humour and lens)

40
Q

The angle referred to in “open/closed-angle” glaucoma

A

Iridocorneal angle

41
Q

The structure that produces the aqueous humour

A

The ciliary body

42
Q

Path of the Aqueous humour

A
  1. secreted by the ciliary body
  2. circulates and nourishes the lens
  3. circulates anterior chamber & nourishes cornea
  4. reabsorbed into the sclera venous sinus
43
Q

Structures making up the fundus

A

retina, macula, fovea centralis and optic disc

44
Q

The blind spot on the posterior wall of the eye

A

The optic disc

45
Q

Where CN II forms all the axons leaving the retina

A

The optic disc

46
Q

The area of most acute vision

A

The fovea centralis of the macula

47
Q

The arterial blood supply to the eye

A

the ophthalmic artery (branch of the internal carotid artery)

48
Q

The artery that travels into and through the optic nerve

A

The central artery of the retina (end artery)

49
Q

The only vein draining the retina

A

The central vein of the retina

50
Q

Other areas supplied by the ophthalmic artery

A

branches supply the nasal cavity (Kiesselbach’s area)

forehead (scalp) branches

51
Q

Where the ophthalmic veins drain

A

The facial vein

(inferior ophthalmic vein -> superior ophthalmic vein ->)Cavernous sinus

52
Q

Special feature of the facial nerve which creates a risk of spread of infection from danger triangle to the cranial cavity

A

The facial nerve is a valveless vein

53
Q

Avascular areas of the eye

A

Cornea

Lens

54
Q

Arteries found in the uvea

A

Ciliary arteries (branches of the ophthalmic artery)

55
Q

Veins found in the uvea

A

Ciliary veins (tributaries of the ophthalmic veins)

56
Q

The area of greatest cone density in the eye

A

the macula

57
Q

The centre of the macula that is the area of most acute vision

A

The fovea centralis

58
Q

The 3 layers of the retina (posterior to anterior)

A
  1. photoreceptors
  2. ganglion cells
  3. axons of ganglion cells
    retinal veins and arteries also lie anterior to the retina
59
Q

Area where no photoreceptors are found

A

the optic disc

60
Q

Where the optic nerves synapse

A

In the right and left sides of the thalamus

61
Q

Where the optic nerves cross over

A

the optic chiasm

62
Q

Area where light from objects in the right visual field is processed

A

The left primary visual cortex

63
Q

Area where light from objects in the left visual field is processed

A

right primary visual cortex

64
Q

Area where light from objects in the lower visual field is processed

A

lower part of the primary visual cortex

65
Q

Area where light from objects in the upper visual field is processed

A

Upper part of the primary visual cortex

66
Q

The 4 “straight” extraocular muscles

A

Superior rectus
Inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus

67
Q

Point where all the rectus muscles originate from

A

common tendinous ring attached to the bones surrounding the optic canals

68
Q

Point where the rectus muscles insert

A

The sclera (just posterior to the cornea)

69
Q

The oblique extraocular muscles

A

superior oblique

inferior oblique

70
Q

The pulley of superior oblique

A

Trochlea

71
Q

The muscle that lifts the upper eyelid

A

Levator palpebrae superioris

72
Q

The somatic motor innervation of lateral rectus

A

CN VI abducent nerve (muscle abducts the eye)

73
Q

The somatic motor innervation of superior oblique

A

CN IV trochlear nerve (superior oblique hooks round the trochlea)

74
Q

Somatic motor innervation of extraocular muscles (except for LR and SO)

A

CN III oculomotor nerve

75
Q

Phrase to help remember the somatic motor innervation of the extraocular muscles

A

LR6 SO4 AO3

76
Q

The 3 layers of the cornea

A

epithelium
stroma
endothelium

77
Q

The fibres making up the external circumference of the iris

A

The dilator papillae fibres

78
Q

The fibres making up the internal circumference of the iris

A

The sphincter pupillae fibres

79
Q

A non-physiologically constructed pupil

A

Miotic pupil

80
Q

Muscle involved in the control of the refractive shape of the lens

A

Smooth ciliary muscle

81
Q

Ligament involved in the control of the refractive shape of the lens

A

Suspensory ligament of the lens

82
Q

The afferent limb of the tear reflex

A

CNV1

83
Q

The efferent limb of the tear reflex

A

Parasympathetic axons originating from CN VII

84
Q

The communication between CN III and CN VI

A

Medial Longitudinal fasciculus

85
Q

The supply and control of the short ciliary nerves

A

Supply autonomic axons to control the diameter of the iris and the refractive shape of the lens

86
Q

The function of the long ciliary nerves

A

Form the first part of the afferent limb of the blink/corneal reflex

87
Q

Autonomic reflexes of the eye

A 
Maximal eyelid elevation
Pupillary/light reflex
The accommodation reflex
lacrimation
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
Oculocardiac reflex
88
Q

Tropicamide

A

antimuscarinic drug that causes short acting mydriasis

89
Q

The muscle that lifts the upper eyelid

A

Lavatory palpebrae superiority

90
Q

The autonomic axon supply to the eye

A

Ciliary nerves

Anatomy (5 decks)

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