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Anatomy > ENT > Flashcards

ENT Flashcards

0
Q

This nerve courses over the internal aspect of the tympanic membrane

A

Chorda Tympani

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1
Q

The Sensory ganglion is the geniculate ganglion in the petrous temporal bone

A

The Facial nerve (CNVII)

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2
Q

Sensory nerve supply to the skin of the inferior part of the Exterior Acoustic Meatus and the tympanic membrane

A

Vagus nerve (CNX)

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3
Q

Sensory nerve supply to the mucosa of the nasal cavity

A

Maxillary nerve (CNV2)

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4
Q

Nerve pathology that is most likely to be the cause of subsequent falls

A

Vestibular nerve

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5
Q

The four structures that pass through the internal jugular foramen

A

Internal Jugular Vein
The glossopharyngeal nerve
The Vagus nerve
The Accessory nerve

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6
Q

The “H-shaped” suture on the lateral aspect of the skull

A

Pterion

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7
Q

The four bones of the skull that make up the pterion suture

A

Parietal, temporal, sphenoid and frontal bones

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8
Q

The hard, tough, featured inferior part of the temporal bone

A

Petrous part (hard like rock)

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9
Q

The superior, flat part of the temporal bone

A

the squamous part (flat like fish scales)

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10
Q

Thinnest part of the lateral skull and therefore susceptible to fracture

A

the Pterion suture

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11
Q

The artery that runs directly behind the pterion suture and therefore susceptible to damage if bone is fractured

A

The middle meningeal artery

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12
Q

Features of the petrous part of the temporal bone

A

The zygomatic process, the styloid process, the mastoid process, the mandibular fossa, the stylomastiod foramen and the extracranial opening into the carotid canal.

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13
Q

The 3 fossae of the cranial cavity

A

The anterior cranial fossa
The middle cranial fossa
The posterior cranial fossa

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14
Q

The ridge that separates the middle from the posterior cranial fossa

A

The petrous ridge of the temporal bone

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15
Q

Pathology in the internal acoustic meatus could damage which cranial nerves?

A

CN VII

CN VIII

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16
Q

Which 3 important structures are found in the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

The organs of hearing and balance
The facial nerve (CN VII)
The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

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17
Q

The membrane-covered opening that links the middle ear with the vestibule of the inner ear

A

The oval window

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18
Q

Borders of the external ear

A

the auricle (ear) to the tympanic membrane via the external acoustic meatus

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19
Q

The ear canal of the external ear

A

The external acoustic meatus

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20
Q

The borders of the middle ear

A

from the tympanic membrane to the oval window

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21
Q

the borders of the internal ear

A

from the oval window to the internal acoustic meatus

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22
Q

Type of cartilage that makes up the external ear

A

Elastic cartilage

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23
Q

Why should adrenaline-containing local anaesthetic not be used on the external ear?

A

It is made up of elastic cartilage which is avascular

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24
Q

The name of the glands found in the skin that lines the external acoustic meatus (EAM)

A

Ceruminous glands - produce wax

Sebaceous glands

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25
Q

Function of the wax produced in the external acoustic meatus

A

Has antibacterial properties

Lubrication of ear canal and tympanic membrane

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26
Q

Name of the small part of cartilage found anterior to the ear canal

A

the tragus

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27
Q

The skull foramen made up by the occipital and temporal bone

A

The jugular foramen

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28
Q

The thin part of the tympanic membrane, superiorly

A

Pars flaccida

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29
Q

The sensory nerve supply to the skin of the auricle (helix and love)

A

C2, 3 spinal nerve

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30
Q

Sensory nerve supply to the skin of the superior parts of EAM and most of the tympanic membrane

A

CN V3 (mandibular nerve)

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31
Q

Sensory supply to the skin of the inferior parts of EAM & tympanic membrane

A

CN X (vagus nerve)

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32
Q

The thick part of the tympanic membrane, posteroinferiorly

A

Pars tensa

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33
Q

The most inwardly depressed part of the tympanic membrane

A

The umbo

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34
Q

Connects the tympanic cavity to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

A

The Eustachian tube

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35
Q

Helps to control the pressure within your inner ear

A

The Eustachian tube

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36
Q

Areas under sensory supply of the Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

A 
Middle ear cavity
Eustachian tube
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Tonsils
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37
Q

Where is the opening of the Eustachian tube found?

A

Lateral wall of the nasopharynx

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38
Q

The tonsil found in the mucosa of the roof of the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngeal tonsil - the adenoid

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39
Q

The tonsil in the mucosa of the lateral wall of the oropharynx

A

The palatine tonsil - the ones who can see are most often swollen

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40
Q

Recess found superior to the tympanic membrane

A

Epitympanic recess

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41
Q

The cavity posterior to the tympanic membrane

A

The tympanic cavity proper

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42
Q

The bone that fits into the oval window

A

The base (footplate) of the stapes

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43
Q

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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44
Q

The opening into the mastoid antrum from the epitympanic recess (increases the risk of mastoiditis)

A

The aditus

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45
Q

Air cells in the mastoid process

A

Mastoid antrum

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46
Q

The nerve responsible for balance

A

The vestibular nerve

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47
Q

The nerve responsible for hearing

A

The cochlear nerve

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48
Q

The two parts of the CN VIII

A

The vestibular nerve

The cochlear nerve

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49
Q

The capsule containing the cochlea, semi-lunar canals etc.

A

The Otic capsule

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50
Q

The space inside the otic capsule

A

The bony labrinth

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51
Q

The fluid that fills the bony labyrinth

A

The perilymph

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52
Q

The apex of the spiral of the cochlea

A

Cupula

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53
Q

Number of turns on the cochlea

A

2.5

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54
Q

The 3 semicircular canals

A

Anterior
Lateral
Posterior

55
Q

The structure found “floating” in the perilymph

A

The membranous labyrinth

56
Q

Inter-linked balloon-like structures within the semicircular canals

A

Semicircular ducts

57
Q

Fluid found within the semicircular ducts

A

Endolymph

58
Q

Long balloon-like structure within the cochlea

A

The cochlear duct

59
Q

The fluid found in the cochlear duct

A

Endolymph

60
Q

The 3 semicircular canals

A

Anterior/Superior
Posterior
Lateral

61
Q

The semicircular canal that is not part of the crus commune nonampullare

A

The lateral semicircular canal

62
Q

The connecting stem of the posterior and superior semicircular canals

A

Crus cummune nonampullare

63
Q

The two cranial nerves that connect with the brainstem at the junction between the pons and the medulla oblongata

A

CN VII - facial nerve

CN VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve

64
Q

Function of the stapedius

A

Reduces the stapes movement to protect the internal ear from excessive noise

65
Q

The parasympathetic supply to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

A

The chorda tympani

66
Q

Course of the facial nerve through the petrous temporal bone

A

internal acoustic meatus ->
facial canal of the petrous temporal bone ->
stylomastoid foramen

67
Q

The canal that connects the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid foramen

A

The facial canal

68
Q

The nerve that supplies the taste buds of the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue

A

Chorda tympani

69
Q

The skeletal muscle that pulls on the handle of the malleus to tense the tympanic membrane

A

The tensor tympani

70
Q

The nerve supply of the tensor tympani

A

CN V3

71
Q

Point where the facial nerves connect with the brainstem

A

The junction between the pons and the medulla oblongata

72
Q

Point where the facial nerves pass posterolaterally into the petrous temporal bone

A

The internal acoustic meatuses

73
Q

Point where the facial nerves pass inferiorly out of the petrous temporal bone

A

The stylomastoid foraminae

74
Q

Point where the CN VII divides into the somatic motor branches for the muscles of facial expression

A

The parotid salivary gland

75
Q

Muscles of facial expression

A

Frontalis - muscles of the forehead
Orbicularis oculi - sphincter of the eyelid
Orbicularis oris - sphincter of the lips

76
Q

How to clinically test CN VII (motor function)

A

frown
close eyes tightly
smile
puff out cheeks (sphincter should prevent air escaping)

77
Q

Symptoms associated with pathology at the internal acoustic meatuse of CN VII

A

ipsilateral loss of facial expression
ipsilateral loss of taste
dry mouth (reduced salivation)
reduced general sensation in the auricle

78
Q

Symptoms associated with pathology at the IAM OF CN VIII

A

ipsilateral loss of hearing (cochlear nerve)

ipsilateral loss of balance (vestibular nerve)

79
Q

Type of cartilage that makes up the nose

A

hyaline cartilage

80
Q

Superior protrusion of the ethmoid bone

A

Crista galli

81
Q

Structures making up the roof of the nasal cavities

A 
The cribiform plate and crista galli of the ethmoid bone (posteriorly)
Nasal bones (anteriorly)
82
Q

Structures making up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

Orbital plate of the ethmoid, ethmoidal (air) cells, superior and middle conchae

83
Q

Opening of the eustachian tube in the middle ear

A

The tympanic cavity proper

84
Q

A collection of blood within the septum

A

Septal Haematoma

84
Q

Causes of septal Haematoma

A

Broken nose
Injury to soft tissue of that area
Surgery

85
Q

Lining of the olfactory area of the nasal cavity

A

Olfactory mucosa

86
Q

Only area of the nose where you can detect smell

A

Olfactory area

87
Q

Lining in the anterior, inferior/front part of the nose

A

Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

88
Q

Lining in the back of the nasal cavity

A 
Respiratory epithelium
(Pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells)
89
Q

The nerve responsible for the sense of smell

A

CN I - Olfactory nerve

90
Q

The only cranial nerve that does not go to the thalamas

A

CN I - Olfactory nerve

91
Q

Point where the olfactory nerves pass through the skull

A

The cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

92
Q

Ganglion containing the synapses with the cell bodies of the 2nd neurones in the olfactory chain

A

Olfactory bulb

93
Q

Superior and posterior area of the nose

A

The olfactory area

94
Q

The somatic sensory nerve supply to the (right/left) nasal cavity, anterosuperiorly

A

(Right/left) ophthalmic nerve - CN V1

95
Q

The somatic sensory nerve supply to the (right/left) nasal cavity, posteroinferiorly

A

(Right/left) maxillary nerve - CN V2

96
Q

Artery supplying the superficial aspect of the face

A

(Right/left) facial artery

97
Q

The artery supplying the deep aspect of the face

A

(Right/left) maxillary artery

98
Q

The arterial anastomosis on the nasal septum

A

Kiesselbach’s (Little’s) area

99
Q

The arteries making up the arterial anastomosis on the nasal septum

A

Maxillary artery
Facial artery
Ophthalmic artery

100
Q

The recess found on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

101
Q

The three meatus’ found on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

A

Superior meatus
Middle meatus
Inferior meatus
Remember left/right

102
Q

Structures making up the nasal septum

A 
The vomer (posteriorly)
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Septal cartilages (hyaline)
103
Q

Lining of the paranasal sinuses

A

Mucous-secreting respiratory mucosa

104
Q

The 3 layers of the tympanic membrane

A

Outer epithelium layer
Middle fibrous layer
Inner mucosal layer of respiratory epithelium

105
Q

Le Fort III fracture

A

Right through the base of the skull (eyebrows)

106
Q

The five primary tastes

A 
Salty
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Umami (meat/savoury)
107
Q

Mucosa found in the middle ear

A

Columnar line mucosa

108
Q

The fascia surrounding the trachea, oesophagus and thyroid gland

A

The pretrachial fasica

109
Q

Structures found within the pretrachial fascia

A 
Trachea and larynx
oesophagus and pharynx
strap muscles
thyroid gland
recurrent pharyngeal nerves
110
Q

Structures found within the carotid sheath

A

internal jugular vein
common carotid
CN X
Deep cervical lymph nodes

111
Q

The vertebral level of the hyoid bone

A

C3

112
Q

The vertebral level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage

A

C4/5

113
Q

The vertebral level of the crocoid cartilage and the start of the trachea

A

C6

114
Q

The first palpable spinous process in the neck

A

C7

115
Q

Cartilage making up the epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

116
Q

Membrane found between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages

A

Cricothyroid membrane

117
Q

The space air moves through between the vocal cords

A

Rima glottidis

118
Q

Function of the cricothyroid muscles

A

Tense the vocal cords by nodding the thyroid cartilage anteriorly

119
Q

Function of the thyro-arytenoids

A

Relax the vocal cords by approximating the thyroid cartilage towards the arytenoid caritlages

120
Q

Function of the lateral crico-arytenoids

A

adduct the vocal cords by rotating the arytenoid cartilages - leave space open at back so often case during whispering

121
Q

Function of the arytenoid muscles

A

Adduct the arytenoid cartilages to gently close rima glottidis for phonation (assisted by lateral crico-arytenoids)

122
Q

Function of the posterior crico-arytenoid muscles

A

rotate the arytenoid cartilages to abduct the vocal cords - done when want as much air in and out of the body as possible

123
Q

The v-shaped groove that marks the junction between the anterior and posterior part of the tongue

A

The foramen caecum

124
Q

The four extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

hyoglossal
styloglossal
palatoglossal
genioglossal

125
Q

The name of the line where the skin meets the lips

A

The vermillion border

126
Q

Epithelium found on the hard palate

A

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

127
Q

Epithelial lining of the soft palate

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

128
Q

The five pairs of skeletal muscle making up the soft palate

A 
Levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus
musculus uvulae
129
Q

Function of levator veli palatini

A

Lift the soft palate to towards the base of the skull

130
Q

Function of tensor veli palatini

A

Tenses the soft palate

131
Q

Function of plataoglossus

A

depresses the palate towards the tongue (forms first set of arches)

132
Q

Function of palatopharyngeus

A

longitudinal muscle of the pharynx that attaches between the pharynx and the soft palate (forms second set of arches)

133
Q

Type of joint formed between the auditory ossicles

A

Synovial joints

134
Q

Doorway into the mastoid Antrum

A

Aditus

Anatomy (5 decks)

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