Ophthalmic, Otic, and Musculoskeletal Flashcards
Describe glaucoma
Damage to the optic nerve due to intraocular pressure (IOP)
What can occur after prolonged pressure due to glaucoma?
Vision impairment / blindness
In ______, the angle between iris and cornea appears open
Open-angle glaucoma
Open-angle glaucoma is ______
Asymptomatic
In ______, the angle between iris and cornea is narrowed causing increased intraocular pressure
Narrow-angle glaucoma
Narrow-angle glaucoma is considered ______
A medical emergency
What is keratitis?
Inflammation of the cornea
What is blepharitis?
Inflammation of the eyelid
Describe the general side effects associated with eye drops (6)
- Burning / discomfort
- Blurred vision
- Photophobia
- Lacrimation
- Blepharitis
- Keratitis
What are the primary indications of eye drops? (2)
- Open-angle glaucoma
- Ocular hypertension
Why are interactions unlikely with eye drops?
Topical application
It is important to have caution when combining ______ with eye drops, as they may enhance the effect
Systemic beta-blockers / cardiac drugs
Describe the MOA of betaxolol (Betoptic)
Decreases IOP
What is the drug class of betaxolol (Betoptic)?
Selective beta-1 blocker
Describe the MOA of timolol (Timoptic) (2)
- Decreases IOP
- Increases aqueous humor outflow
What is the drug class of timolol (Timoptic)?
Non-selective beta blocker
What are the contraindications of timolol (Timoptic)? (3)
- COPD
- CHF
- Bradycardia
Describe the MOA of brimonidine (Alphagan) (2)
- Decreases IOP
- Dilates pupils
What is the drug class of brimonidine (Alphagan)?
Sympathomimetic
What are the side effects of brimonidine (Alphagan)? (3)
- Bradycardia
- Dry mouth
- Headache
Describe the education associated with brimonidine (Alphagan) (2)
- Avoid ETOH
- Wait 15 min to insert contact lenses
Describe the MOA of dorzolamide (Trusopt)
Decreases IOP
What is the drug class of dorzolamide (Trusopt)?
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
What is the primary side effect of dorzolamide (Trusopt)?
Bitter taste in the mouth
Describe the education associated with dorzolamide (Trusopt)
Wait 15 min to insert contact lenses
Describe the application of ophthalmic ointments
Apply a thin layer to the conjunctival sac
Describe the administration of eye drops (3)
- Have the patient look up to the ceiling
- Place the drop in the conjunctival sac - avoid touching the eye with the dropper
- Apply pressure to the inner canthus for 1 minute
What is the purpose of applying pressure to the inner canthus after administering eye drops?
Reduces systemic absorption of the drug
Wait ______ between administration of different eye drops
5 minutes
Describe the MOA of earwax emulsifiers / cerumenolytics (2)
- Loosen / remove cerumen
- Release hydrogen peroxide and oxygen
Earwax emulsifiers / cerumenolytics are combined with ______
Glycerin
Describe the administration of carbamide peroxide (Debrox) (3)
- 4 drops twice daily
- Continue for 4 days
- Flush ear with warm water on the 5th day
Otitis media most commonly affects ______
Children
Otitis media most commonly follows ______
Upper respiratory infections
Describe inspection of the ear in adults
Pull pinna up and back
Describe inspection of the ear in children under age 3
Pull pinna down and back
What is the first line medication used for otitis media?
Amoxicillin
______ is used if a patient does not respond to amoxicillin for otitis media / has had amoxicillin for the past 30 days
Augmentin
Otitis media affects the ______
Middle ear
Otitis externa affects the ______
Ear canal
Otitis externa is also known as ______
Swimmer’s ear