Antibiotics Flashcards
Describe gram positive bacteria (2)
- Stain purple
- Cell wall / outer capsule
Describe gram negative bacteria (2)
- Stain red
- Complex cell wall - difficult to penetrate
Which type of bacteria is most difficult to treat in the case of infections?
Gram negative
What are some examples of gram positive infections? (5)
- Staph (MRSA)
- Strep
- Enterococcal
- Clostridium (C. diff)
- Mycobacterium
What are some examples of gram negative infections? (5)
- UTIs
- STIs
- E. coli
- Meningitis
- Pneumonia
Describe colonization
Microbes are present but the patient has no manifestations of infection
How are community-associated infections (CAIs) acquired?
Without hospitalization
How are healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) acquired?
During treatment for another condition in a healthcare setting
When do healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur?
> 48 hours after admission
What characteristics of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) make them difficult to treat? (2)
- Drug resistance
- Virulence
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are also known as ______
Nonsocomial infections
What are the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAIs)? (4)
- UTIs
- Pneumonia
- Surgical site infections
- Bloodstream infections
Antibiotic stewardship refers to …
Appropriate use of antibiotics
What are the manifestations of anaphylaxis? (6)
- Flushing
- Itching
- Hives
- Anxiety
- Tachycardia
- Angioedema
What are the general adverse effects of antibiotics? (3)
- Resistance
- Anaphylaxis
- Superinfection
______ antibtiotics inhibit growth of bacteria - DO NOT kill bacteria immediately
Bacteriostatic
______ antibiotics kill bacteria immediately
Bactericidal
Which classes of antibiotics are associated with risk of Steven Johnson Syndrome? (5)
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Macrolides
- Quinolones / fluoroquinolones
- Sulfonamides
Describe Steven Johnson Syndrome
Begins with flu-like symptoms, followed by a red / purple rash causing skin to peel off
Describe the MOA of penicillins
Bactericidal - kill bacteria
What are the indications of penicillins? (2)
- Gram positive infections
- Gram negative infections
What are the general side effects of penicillins? (5)
- Diarrhea
- Nausea / vomiting
- Abdominal pain
- Urticaria
- Pruritus
What laboratory result may occur as a side effect of penicillins?
Elevated ALT / AST
What are the general adverse effects of penicillins? (3)
- C. diff
- Hemolytic anemia
- Thrombocytopenia
What is the drug class of penicillin V (Pen-VK)?
Natural PCN
What is the primary indication of penicillin V (Pen-VK)?
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Describe the absorption of penicillin V (Pen-VK)
2/3 absorbed in the GI tract
What is the drug class of amoxicillin (Amoxil)?
Aminopenicillin
What are the indications of amoxicillin (Amoxil)? (4)
- H. pylori
- Sinusitis
- Otitis media
- Lyme disease
How long is amoxicillin (Amoxil) given?
5 - 10 days
What is the drug class of amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (Augmentin)?
Aminopenicillin / beta-lactamase inhibitor
Describe the eduction associated with amoxicillin / clavulanic acid (Augmentin)
Take with food / milk
What is the drug class of piperacillin / tazobactam (Zosyn)?
Extended spectrum PCN / beta-lactamase inhibitor
What are the indications of piperacillin / tazobactam (Zosyn)? (2)
- Ventilator-induced pneumonia
- Chemo-induced neutropenia
Describe the primary nursing intervention associated with penicillins
Monitor for at least 30 minutes after IV administration (possible allergic reaction)
Describe the education associated with penicillins
DO NOT take with juice - acidic fluids decrease effectiveness
Mixing PCN with clavulanic acid causes …
Increased bacterial killing
First generation cephalosporins target ______ bacteria
Gram positive (narrow spectrum)
Third generation cephalosporins target ______ bacteria
Gram positive and gram negative (broad spectrum)
What functions increase with each generation of cephalosporins? (2)
- Ability to reach CSF
- Resistance to beta-lactamase destruction
What are the general side effects of cephalosporins? (4)
- Rash
- Pruritus
- Redness
- Edema
What are the general indications of cephalosporins? (3)
- UTIs
- Endocarditis
- Dental prophylaxis
______ may decrease absorption of cephalosporins
Antacids
______ effectiveness may be reduced when taking cephalosporins
Oral contraceptive
A ______-like reaction may occur when alcohol is combined with cephalosporins
disulfiram (Antabuse)
Describe the manifestations of a disulfiram (Antabuse) like reaction (3)
- Abdominal cramps
- Diaphoresis
- Hypotension
What is the drug class of cephalexin (Keflex)?
First generation cephalosporin