Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

HEENT > ophthalmic lecture > Flashcards

ophthalmic lecture Flashcards

1
Q

anterior segment contains

A

orbits, lids/lashes, cornea, conjunctiva,sclera, anterior chamber/aqueous humor, iris, pupil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

posterior segment

A

posterior vitreous, optic nerve, macula/fovea, peripheral retina, vessels (arteries and veins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

segment b

A

lens and ciliary body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

LR6 +SO4+EE3

A

lateral rectus CN6 (abducens)
superior oblique CN 4 (trochlear)
everything else CN3 (oculomotor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

meibomian glands purpose

A

secrete the oil layer to our tear film, oil prevents tears from evaporating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the cornea is filled with

A

thousands of tiny nerve endings that make the cornea extremely sensitive to pain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The pathway for the outflow of aqueous humor.

A

Aqueous humor produced by ciliary body -> flows through the pupil into the anterior chamber -> flows out through the trabecular meshwork into the canal of schlemm -> absorbed into the episcleral veins via the collector channels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

macula is in charge of our

A

central vision

also contains pigmented cells called cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

optic nerve is in charge of

A

our peripheral vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

periorbital (preseptal) cellulitis
define
s/s
tx

A
  • Bacterial infection of eyelid anterior to orbital septum that occurs 2° to sinusitis, trauma, ocular Sx, hordeolum, etc.
  • s/s = eyelid tenderness, erythema, and edema; (-) proptosis, (-) pain on EOMs, (-) vision changes
  • Tx = Mild = PO Abx (amoxicillin, Bactrim); moderate - severe = hospital admission + IV Abx (vancomycin, clindamycin, cefotaxime)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

orbital (septal) cellulitis
define
s/s
tx

A
  • Bacterial infection that occurs Most commonly 2° to sinusitis
  • s/s = eyelid tenderness, erythema, and edema; (+) proptosis (bulging), (+) pain on EOMs, (+) decreased vision
  • Tests = assess EOMs, CT scan (infection of the orbital fat and EOMs), CBC with diff
  • Tx = hospital admission + broad spectrum IV abx
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dacrocytitis

A

bacterial infection of the lacrimal sac

most common is staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dacrocytitis s/s

A

pain, erythema and edema over lacrimal sac/medial canthus (nasal side of the lower lid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

orbital blowout fractures

A

the force from a direct traumatic blow to the eye, - a fracture of thin bones of the orbital floor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

orbital blowout fracture complications

A

the contents of the orbit EOM, fat ect, can get entrapped which leads to the following :
decreased visual acuity, diplopia (especially upward gaze if there is inferior rectus entrapment), restricted eye movement, ptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

orbital blowout fracture s/s

A

pain, tenderness, orbital emphysema (eyelid swelling after blowing nose), ecchymosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ectropion

A

eyelid turned outwards

most common in elderly and aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ectropion s/s & tx

A
  • irritation, tearing (epiphora), foreign body sensation

- artificial tears, blepharoplasty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

entropion

A

eyelid turned inward

most common in elderly and aging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

entropion s/s & tx

A

irritation, tearing (epiphora) foreign body sensation, corneal abrasions- leads to pain and vision changes
tx: artificial tears and blepharoplasty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

hordeolum-internal

A

inflammation/bacterial infection of a meibomian gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hordeolum-external

A

inflammation/bacterial infection of the glands of zeis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

horeolum s/s &tx

A

pain, tender, warm, erythematous, swollen, soft, lump on eyelid
-hot compress, topical abx (erythormycin or bacitracin)

24
Q

chalazion

A

caused by chronically blocked meibomian gland

-untreated horeolum is a chalazion

25
chalazion s/s &tx
nonpainful, nontender, swollen hard lump on eyelid | hot compress, eye hygein and if not resolving IND
26
blepharitis
inflammation of both eyelids involving the skin, lashes and meibomian glands
27
blepharitis s/s and tx
crusting on lashes, red-rimming/erythema of the eyelid, burning irritation, tearing, foreign body sensation tx: hot compress, eyelid/lashes scrubbing, baby shampoo, messaging of meibomian gland
28
viral conjunctivitis
most common pathogen- adenovirus- thus typically occurs with a URI source: swimming pool most common seen in kids
29
viral conjunctivitis s/s tx
foreign body sensation, watery discharge, bilateral, no vision changes, preauricular lymphadenopathy, conjunctival injection tx: supportive
30
bacterial conjunctivitis
most common pathogen staph aureus, strep pneumoniae
31
bacterial conjunctivitis s/s tx
purulent discharge, a lot less conjunctival injection, crusting on lashes, no vision changes, unilateral eye matted shut in the morning tx: abx drops if contact lens wearer cover pseudomonas w/ FQ (ofloxacin)
32
allergic conjunctivtis
h/o seasonal allergies s/s cobblestone mucosa to the inner eyelids, itching, bilateral tx antihistamine drops ketotifen, olopatadine
33
pingurcula
yellow elevated conjunctival nodule nasally *does not grow but can get inflamed/cause irritation no vision changes
34
subconjunctival hemorrhage
subconjunctival bleeding due to broken vessels | most commonly from heavy lifting, sneezing, valsalva
35
pyerygium
elevated fleshy vascular triangular shaped mass extending onto the cornea can be nasal and temporal in origin but most commonly nasal -tx: artificial tears, sunglasses and surgery if grown into visual axis
36
corneal abrasion
scratched eye, foreign body | s/s blurred/decreased vision, pain, tearing, photophobia, foreign body sensation
37
corneal abrasion pain relief with
propericaine drops | **do NOT rx
38
corneal abrasion tx
abx drops that cover pseudomonas in contact lens wearers, bandage contact lens
39
bacterial corneal ulcer
causes pseudomonas (in CL wearers) and acanthamoeba
40
bacterial corneal ulcer s/s tx
pain, photophobia, reduced visual acuity, tearing, hazy cornea, +/-hypopyon, ulceration on fluorescein, discharge conjunctival injection, ciliary injection tx- FQ abx drops- ofloxacin, moxifloxacin DO not place on a BCL
41
viral corneal ulcer
``` cause: HSV h/o cold sores or previous HSV keratitis s/s pain photophobia, tearing & decreased visual acutiy slit lamp: dendritic tx: PO acyclovir ```
42
herpes zoser ophthalmicus
causes: herpes zoster (shingles) s/s painful vesicular rash along CN V dermatome, eye pain, decreased visal acuity, hutchingson's sing (lesion on nose=ocular involvment)
43
Uveitis anterior
inflammation of the iris or ciliary body | -unilateral ocular pain, injuection, photophobia and decreased vision
44
uveitis posterior
inflammation of the choroid (a pigmented vascular layer between the retina and sclera) -blurred/decreased vision, floaters, no pain
45
uveitis causes
a) granulomatous uveitis seen in: sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, syphilis, leprosy b) non-granulomatous uveitis seen in: ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, lyme disease
46
uveitis tx
refer, topical steroids, topical cycloplegic, PO steroids, glaucoma drops due to steroids causing elevated IOP
47
cataract description
Inside our eyes our natural lens made up of water and protein helps us see. As we age, the proteins break down causing the lens to become cloudy. This is called a cataract. -Usually cataracts mature bilaterally
48
3 main types of cataracts
1. nuclear sclerotic – slow maturation, starts in 50s 2. cortical – moderate maturation, causes myopic shift 3. posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) – fast maturation, common with steroid use or after vitrectomy
49
ddx of cataract should include
retinoblastoma due to absent of red reflex (White pupil)
50
cataract risk factors
aging, smoking cigarettes, steroid use, diabetes, sun exposure, congenital ToRCH syndrome (Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, CMV, HSV)
51
macular degeration is ..
MCC of permanent legal blindness and visual loss in the elderly
52
two types of macular degeneration
dry and wet
53
dry macular degeneration
(non-exudative) exam findings drusen = round yellow spots (lumpy-bumpy) drusen are waste products from the RPE layer Geographic atrophy, pigmentary changes
54
wet macular degeneration
(exudative) Exam findings Drusen, geographic atrophy, pigmentary changes + choriodal neovacularization Choroidal neovascularization = new abnormal vessels that leak and bleed -> hemorrhaging, intraretinal fluid, subretinal fluid. These bad vessels secrete vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)
55
tx for wet and dry
``` Dry = amsler grid monitoring, eye vitamins such as PreserVision AREDS2 (zinc, A, C, E) -Wet = intravitreal injections of Anti-VEGF inhibitors, laser photocoagulation ```
56
s/s for macular degeneration
``` oBilateral loss or blurring of central vision oCentral Scotomas (black spots in central vision where atrophy or hemorrhaging is) oMetamorphopsia = straight lines appear bent (amsler grid) ```

HEENT (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions