Ophthalmic examination Flashcards
OD
Right eye
OS
left eye
OU
Both eyes
Iridodonesis
movement of the iris. This finding is usually supportive of lens instability
Photopic
in a well-lit environment
Scotopic
in a dark environment
Retroillumination
using light that is shone into the eye to reflect against internal structures and highlight normal/abnormal features during the ophthalmic exam
Keratitis
inflammation of the cornea. Most commonly evident by the presence of corneal ulceration, corneal infiltrate, or blood vessels
Neurotrophic keratitis
inflammation of the cornea (keratitis) that is caused by lack of sensory innervation (ophthalmic branch of CN V)
Retropulsion
applying light pressure to both eyes (through the eyelids) simultaneously with your index finger to detect for asymmetry. This is a useful test for detecting disease of the orbit or space occupying disease behind the globe
Corneal ulceration
Disruption of the corneal epithelium and exposure of the corneal stroma
Positive Jones test
Application of fluorescein dye to the ocular surface which then appears at the nares. This is a test of nasolacrimal patency
Epiphora
Excessive tearing causing spill over onto the eyelids
Positive Seidel test
Application of fluorescein dye to the ocular surface and subsequent appearance of aqueous humor leaking through dense fluorescein stain. This test confirms corneal perforation
Uveitis
defined as a breakdown of the blood ocular barrier
Glaucoma
Vision loss that occurs from optic nerve damage as a result of high intraocular pressure
Adnexa
all extraocular structures that support and are associated with the eyeball.
Phthisis bulbi
An abnormally small, shrunken eye. Typically the result of chronic/severe ocular inflammation
Blepharitis
inflammation of the eyelid
Retained spectacle
a reptile phenomenon in which the epidermal lining of the cornea (spectacle) does not shed appropriately during the shedding cycle (ecdysis)
Buphthalmos
Literally means “cows eye” but refers to the abnormal enlargement of the eyeball. For practical purposes, buphthalmosis only caused by glaucoma. The size is abnormal, the position is normal.
Pseudobuphthalmos
the illusion of globe enlargement caused by a retained spectacle
Specular reflection
the mirror-like reflection of light from the surface of the eye. Can be used to assess the health of the ocular surface. This reflection becomes disturbed when the surface is irregular
Corneal neovascularization
New blood vessel growth into the cornea. This is a classic sign of keratitis and is divided into superficial and deep categories
Aqueous flare
proteins suspended in the anterior chamber that become evident when a narrow, bright and focused light source is directed at the eye. This is a pathognomonic sign of uveitis. Flare is typically graded on a scale of 0 (no flare) to 4+ (dense enough to obscure the iris and lens)
Hyphema
Blood in the anterior chamber. Supportive of uveitis or bleeding disorder
Aqueous misdirection syndrome
An uncommon form of feline glaucoma in which aqueous humor is shunted to the vitreous chamber causing a forward displacement of the lens and iris, narrowing the anterior chamber and increasing intraocular pressure
Heterochromia iridis
Alternating color of the iris of one eye or between eyes. A normal finding. Laytermsinclude ‘wall eye’, ‘watch eye’, or ‘china eye’
Miosis
A small/constricted pupil
Mydriasis
a large/dilated pupil
Iris bombe
360 degree posterior synechiasuch that the iris bulges forward and contours to a doughnut-like shape. A common sequela of uveitis and a risk factor for glaucoma as this impairs the normal aqueous drainage within the eye
Posterior synechia
Adhesion between the iris and lens
Asteroid hyalosis
Calcium and phosphate crystals. A sign of vitrealdegeneration. Unknown causes but thought to be clinically insignificant in most cases
Retinal detachment
Most often refers to a separation of the inner, 9-layered ‘neurosensory retina’ from the outermost layer of the retina, the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). Divided into rhegmatogenousand non-rhegmatogenous(bullous) categories,
Rhegmatogenousretinal detachment
refers to a retinal tear. Caused either by pulling or tearing forces. Pulling is usually caused by scar tissue contraction. Tearing is usually caused by trauma.
Non-rhegmatogenous(Bullous) retinal detachment
Caused by disruption of the blood retinal barrier and hematogenousleakage/infiltration of the potential space between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigmented epithelium
