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David's lecture > Onwards towards the metabolic capital (Absorption of nutrients) > Flashcards

Onwards towards the metabolic capital (Absorption of nutrients) Flashcards

1
Q

Pancreatic enzymes cannot digest all nutrients. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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2
Q

Where does final digestion take place?

A

On the lumenal surface

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3
Q

Where does intracelluar digestion occur?

A

In enterocytes

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4
Q

How are digestive enzymes secreted?

A

As proenzymes

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5
Q

What is secretion regulated by and list a few of these?

A

-By many secretagogues e.g Acteylcholine, Histamine, Gastrin, Secretin

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6
Q

What are carbohydrates and proteins made up of?

A

Carbohydrates are made up of monosaccharides

Proteins are made up of amino acids

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7
Q

Pancreatic enzyme breakdown proteins and carbohydrates into their constituent monosaccharides. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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8
Q

What transport system is used to absorb the constituents into the epithelial cells (enterocytes)?

A

-Active transport

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9
Q

How are lipids (emulsions) stabilised and how is this used to break them down into free fatty acids?

A

By combiding with bile salts
-This provides a large surface area to volume ration which allows the lipase enzyme to attck the triglycerides and break them down into free fatty acids

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10
Q

Where are micelles packaged back into triglycerides?

A

-Enterocytes

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11
Q

How are chylomicrons formed?

A

-When triglycerides are coated in protein

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12
Q

Where are chylomicrons then secreted?

A

Into the lacteal system

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13
Q

Why are chylomicrons not secreted into the blood?

A

-This would lead to the creation of seperate layers of fat in the blood which could lead to complications

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14
Q

From which organ are amylase and lysozyme psecreted?

A

-Salivary glands

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15
Q

From which organ are Pepsin A and gastric lipase secreted?

A

Stomach

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16
Q

From which organ are Trypsin, chymotripsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase A and B and pancreatic lipase?

A

-Pancrease

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17
Q

Lysozymes removes soe of the polysaccharide chains from the surface of the bacteria which renders them unable to interact with each other and multiply. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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18
Q

How is pepsin secreted as?

A

Pepsinogen (an inactive pro-enzyme)

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19
Q

What does gastric lipase do?

A

-Breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides

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20
Q

What does pancreatic enzyme do?

A

-Breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides

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21
Q

Trypsin, chymotripsin, elastase, carboxypeptidase A and B are all proteolytic enzymes that break down proteins. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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22
Q

Give some examples brush border proteins and what their substrates are?

A
  • Maltase - Maltose
  • Sucrase - Sucrose
  • Glucoamylase - Amylose
  • Lactase - Lactose
  • Endopeptides - Proteins
  • Leucine aminopeptidase - Peptides
  • Enteropeptidase - Trypsinogen
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23
Q

What enzyme is used as the driving force for absorption of all of the digested micro-nutrients (for endothelial transport)?

A

NA+/K+ ATPase

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24
Q

How many NA and K ions are pumped in and out by the NA/K ATPase?

A
  • 3Na+ are pumped out of the cell

- 2K+ are pumped into the cell

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25
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

26
Q

NA+/K+ ATPase creates an electrochemical gradient with low Na+ inside the cell. TRUE OR FALSE?

27
Q

In the small intestine, Cl- follows the current created by Na+/K+ ATPase. TRUE OR FALSE?

28
Q

Epithelial Na+ channel allows lumenal Na+ ions to flow into the cell down the electrochemical gradient, whih creates an electrical potential across the lumenal membrane. TRUE OR FALSE?

29
Q

What is the purpose of the floride ions flowing into the cell?

A

To neutralise the potential difference

30
Q

In the small intestine, Na+/K+ ATPase is coupled to electrically neutral Na+ and Cl- transport. TRUE OR FALSE?

31
Q

What is Na+ entry coupled to H+ efflux coupled via?

A

The Na+/H+ antiport

32
Q

How is the H+ provided?

A

Via the carbonic anhydrase

33
Q

Carbonic anhydrase does not create HCO3- ions. TRUE OR FALSE?

34
Q

HCO3- gradient does not drive Cl- uptake via another antiport. TRUE OR FALSE?

35
Q

What are micelles?

A

-Small droplets of the free fatty acids and monoglycerides with bile salts attched, this solubilises it and allows it to get to close proximity with the brush border of the enterocytes

36
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase drives NaCl secretion and uptake. TRUE OR FALSE?

37
Q

There are no Na+ channels on the lumenal membrane. TRUE OR FALSE?

38
Q

There is no paracellular Na+ transport between cells. TRUE OR FALSE?

39
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase drives high cellular Cl- levels via the Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter. TRUE OR FALSE?

40
Q

Where is the Na+/K+/2Cl- located?

A

-In the capillary membrane

41
Q

Cl- flows into the lumen via what?

A

-Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulatory protein

42
Q

High lumenal Cl- creates electrical potential which draws Na+ into the lumen via paracellular route. TRUE OR FALSE?

43
Q

What is Cystic fibrosis?

A

-An autosomal reccesive heredity disease affecting the lungs, sweat glands and digestive system

44
Q

What is severly impaired in cystic fibrosis?

A

Cl- transport

45
Q

Why are CF carriers at less risk of dehydration ?

A

Because less fluid is released to clear the bacteria, avoiding diarrhoea

46
Q

What is SGLT and GLUT transporters of?

A
  • SGLT: Na+ glucose transporter

- GLUT: glucose transporter (Na+ independent)

47
Q

Where are cholesterol derivatives secreted from?

48
Q

What is the important role of cholesterol derivatives?

A

-Important role in solubilising lipids and aiding absorption

49
Q

Cholesterol is not recirculated between the liver and the intestine. TRUE OR FALSE?

50
Q

Where is cholesterol reabsorbed?

A

In distal ileum

51
Q

How much cholesterol is secreted in the bile per day and what is the total amount in the body?

A
  • Secreted : 20-30g

- In the body: 3-5g

52
Q

Bile salts are not toxic at high concentrations. TRUE OR FALSE?

53
Q

What does NTCP stand for?

A

Na+ Taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide

54
Q

What is NTCP involved in?

A

-In the uptake of taurocholate which is coming back from the enterohepatic circulation

55
Q

What are BSEP and ASBT used for?

A

BESP - Bile salt export pump

ASBT - Apical Na+ dependent bile acid transporter

56
Q

Xenobiotic conjugate are excreted via the biliary route. TRUE OR FALSE?

57
Q

Enterohepatic recirculating delays the elimination of xenobiotics and can increase toxicity. TRUE OR FALSE?

58
Q

List some acid related disorders of the GI tract ?

A

-Peptic ulcers, Gastroesophageal reflux disease

59
Q

Name two types of chronic bowel disorders and provide symptoms?

A
  • Irritable bowel syndrome - recurrent abdominal pain, no clear pathology or etiology
  • Inflammatory bowel diseases - Heredity, autoimmune disorder, stress and diet
60
Q

What is Inflammatory bowel diseases?

A

Inflammation of mucosa and submucosa

David's lecture (13 decks)

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