Metabolism 2 Flashcards
regulation is exerted by what factors?
- Substrate availability
- Allosteric effector
- Hormones (glucagon and insulin)
- Induction of enzymes
There is a limited amount of glycogen in the liver. TRUE OR FLASE?
TRUE
Glucose and amino acid enter the blood stream and reach the liver via which vein?
- Portal vein
Chylomicrons are absorbed via which system?
- Lymphatic system (lacteal)
Insulin is secreted to stimulate storage of fuels. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
where are tiglycerides stored?
in the adipose tissue
Insulin stops heaptic glucose production. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
What are the effects of insulin in the liver?
- It turns on glycolysis and glucose synthesis, it switches off gluconeogenesis which decreases the glucose out put
- Increases glycolysis for the production acetylCoa whic is used in fatty acid synthesis
what are the insulin effects in the muscle?
- Increases presence of GLUT4
- Increases uptake of glucose as energy source and decreases fatty acid synthesis
What are the effects of insulin in the adipose tissue?
- switches off hormone sensitive lipase
- which decreases fatty acid production
- Increaes fat storage
In the brain insulin decreases apeptite. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
What occurs in between meals?
- Blood glucose levels drops
- Glucagon is stimulated
- which stimulates glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen into glucose
- Fatty acid release is increased from adipose tissue
- muscles start using fatty acids as source of energy because glucose is scarce
- Glucose being produced from glycogenolysis is uptaken by the brain
- Gluconeogenesis is reduced/inhibited because glycogen breakdown is still occuring
in prolonged fasting, gluconeogenesis takes over as the main production of glucose. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
what occurs during long term starvation?
- Gluconeogensis takes over main source of glucose
- muscles stop uptaking glucose and use fatty acids and ketone bodies
- Proteins are broken down which leads to muscle atrophy
- Glycerol, lacatte and amino acids are all used to maintain energy for the brain
- The brain start to rely upon ketone bodies for energy
- Long term starvation can lead to brain malfunction
what is encephalopathy?
- The swelling of the brain
Disorders of glycogen strorage, gluconeogensis and b-oxidation can lead to inadequate production of heaptic glucose, inadequate fatty acid oxidation which will lead to the brain running out of energy and production of toxic metabolits leading to brain swelling and coma. TRUE OR FLASE?
TRUE
Obesity is the consequence of the body being maintained in the well fed state. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Obesity can confer to insulin resistance. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
how can obesity lead to the onset of type 2 diabetes?
- Insulin become resistant
- excess storage of fat in the adipose tissue
- Excess fatstored in the liver
- Hepatic glucose production is not switched off
- leading to meal time hyperglycemia
What is type 2 diabetes?
- Patients become resistant to insulin, so glucose is uptaken by muscle and glucose production is not controlled by the liver
- Often a consequence of obesity
In type 2 diabetes ketoacidosis rarely occurs. TRUE OR FLASE?
TRUE
In type 2 diabetes there is an increase in VLDL. treu orf alse?
true
In type 2 diabetes, the translocation of the GLUT4 is not decreased. TRUE OR FLASE?
Fasle
In type 1 diabetes the patients do not have any insulin. TRUE OR FLASE?
TRUE
type 1 diabetic patients are stuck in a constant starvation state. true or false?
true
patients with type 1 diabetes are always gluconeogenic and glyconeolytic which leads to hyperglycemia. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Uncontrolled proteolytic in type 1 diabetic patients leads to muscle wastage. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
In type 1 diabetes uncontrolled lipolysis leads to increase fatty acids in the plasma. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Ktone body production is increased leading to ketoacidosis. true or false?
true
